本附錄整理本書提及與相關的早期兒童發展行動方案、研究機構、政策與工具資源。所有方案的共通點都是把父母視為孩子優質早期發展的核心夥伴。
重點代表性方案#
Too Small To Fail#
「Talking Is Teaching」運動以「talk, read, sing(說、讀、唱)」為標語,是 Next Generation 與 Clinton Foundation 的合作。合作夥伴包含 Univision、Text4baby、Sesame Workshop、美國兒科學會等。
- 與 Text4baby、Sesame Workshop 合作的訊息推播計畫,估計觸及 82 萬名父母。
- 創意露出:把語言發展訊息嵌進《Orange Is the New Black》、《Sesame Street》等大眾節目。
Talk With Me Baby(Georgia)#
喬治亞州的全州公衛 + 教育倡議,目標是把父母與照顧者轉化為嬰兒的「對話夥伴」。把「語言營養(language nutrition)」教練式輔導整合進護理師、WIC 營養師等專業人員的日常工作。
合作單位:
- 喬治亞公共衛生部(把語言習得列為公衛議題)
- 喬治亞教育部
- Atlanta Speech School
- Emory 大學護理學院與小兒科
- Marcus Autism Center
- Get Georgia Reading
Reach Out and Read#
1989 年成立的全國非營利組織,訓練兒科醫師、家庭醫師、護理師在固定健兒門診中:
- 教育父母大聲朗讀的重要性
- 提供合適年齡的童書
數據規模:覆蓋全美 5,000 家 診所、健康中心,每年發送 650 萬本書給超過 400 萬名孩子。其方案中的孩子在學前詞彙測驗上比未參加者領先 3~6 個月。
Educare#
由 Ounce of Prevention Fund 創建,提供:「Program、Place、Partnership、Platform」四位一體的早期教育。
- 對象:被視為有「上學失敗」風險的孩子(0~5 歲)。
- 形式:全日、整年制。
- 結果:參加 2 年以上的孩子,入學時表現可達全國平均同齡兒童水準。
- 父母參與:從產前開始介入並延伸到孩子上小學以後。
- 內建社工與早期介入師,協助父母對接社區資源。
Mind in the Making#
由 Ellen Galinsky(Families and Work Institute 主席)領導,將兒童學習科學帶給大眾、家庭與專業人員,最大貢獻是把「自我調節作為執行功能」帶入主流討論。
核心是 Galinsky 的「七項孩子必備生活技能」:
- 自我控制
- 觀點取替
- 溝通
- 建立連結
- 批判思考
- 接受挑戰
- 自主投入式學習
旗下產出:七項技能學習模組(已在 15 個社區與州推行)、42 部兒童發展研究實驗影片、可下載的「學習處方箋」、與 First Book 合作的童書配套包。
Vroom#
由 Bezos Family Foundation 出資創立,前提是:「每位父母都已具備建造大腦的能力」。
- 為社區組織與機構提供解構腦科學的工具
- 在常見消費品包裝上印「腦力建造提示」
- 提供免費 App,輸入孩子年齡後給出客製化建議
- 「Daily Vroom」把洗澡、用餐等日常活動變成腦力與執行功能訓練機會
Providence Talks#
家訪式早期介入計畫,使用 LENA 技術 + 雙週教練。
- 2012 年 Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Mayors Challenge 大獎得主。
- 與 Brown 大學合作評估全市計畫的影響。
Boston Basics Campaign#
由 Black Philanthropy Fund、市長教育內閣、哈佛 Achievement Gap Initiative 共同發起,把研究文獻濃縮為 5 條 Boston Basics(早期教養五項基本原則),由 WBGH 公共電視、Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative 等夥伴推廣。
政策參與與倡議#
想協助推動早期語言環境政策,可從這些倡議組織入手:
- Alliance for Early Success(earlysuccess.org ↗)
- Campaign for Grade Level Reading(gradelevelreading.net ↗)
- Council for a Strong America(councilforastrongamerica.org ↗)
- First Five Years Fund(ffyf.org ↗)
- First Focus(firstfocus.org ↗)
- National Black Child Development Institute(nbcdi.org ↗)
- National Council of La Raza(nclr.org ↗)
- The Ounce of Prevention Fund(theounce.org ↗)
- Save the Children(savethechildren.org ↗)
- Voices for Children(voicesforchildren.org ↗)
父母發展與領導力方案#
- Abriendo Puertas(ap-od.org ↗)
- AVANCE(avance.org ↗)
- Centering Pregnancy / Centering Parenting(centeringhealthcare.org ↗)
- Family Wellness(familywellness.com ↗)
- Legacy for Children(CDC)
- MALDEF Parent School Partnership Program
- Parent Empowerment Project(NBCDI)
- Parent Leadership Training Institute
- Triple P(The Positive Parenting Program,triplep.net ↗)
- Strengthening Families / Parent Cafés(bestrongfamilies.net ↗)
- Strengthening Families Program(strengtheningfamiliesprogram.org ↗)
早期教育方案範例#
- CAP Tulsa: Early Childhood Education(captulsa.org ↗)
- David C. Abbott Early Learning Center
- Educare(theounce.org/educare ↗)
- First 5 California
- LAUP
- Providence Talks
- Project EAGLE(堪薩斯大學醫學中心)
- Southwest Human Development
- Talk, Read, Play(堪薩斯城)
- Talk with Your Baby
- Touch, Talk, Read, Play
- United Way Center for Excellence in Early Education
家訪計畫#
- Any Baby Can
- Bright Beginnings(科羅拉多)
- Early Head Start Home Visiting
- Healthy Families America
- Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting
- Nurse-Family Partnership
- Parents as Teachers
給父母與教育者的資源#
以下機構提供大量可直接給父母與第一線工作者使用的資源(教材、發展指引、檢核表等)。
- American Academy of Pediatrics(aap.org ↗)
- American Library Association(ala.org ↗)
- Ascend / Aspen Institute Ascend Network
- Brazelton Touchpoints
- Child Care Aware of America
- Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center
- Get Ready to Read(NCLD)
- The Hanen Program: It Takes Two to Talk
- Illinois Early Learning Project
- The Incredible Years
- Learn The Signs. Act Early.(CDC)
- National Association for the Education of Young Children(NAEYC)
- National Association for Family Child Care
- National Center for Families Learning
- National Center on Parent, Family, and Community Engagement
- National Head Start Association
- PBS Parents(含 Baby & Toddler)
- PNC Grow Up Great
- Reach Out and Read
- Read-Talk-Play
- Sesame Workshop
- Sing, Talk, Read(STAR)
- Talk, Read, Play(波士頓)
- Talk With Me Baby(喬治亞)
- Text4baby
- Too Small to Fail / Talking Is Teaching
- Univision × Too Small to Fail:Pequeños y Valiosos
- Vroom(joinvroom.org ↗)
- Zero to Three(zerotothree.org ↗)
- ASHA: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
政策中心與資源#
- Brookings’s Social Policy: Early Childhood Development
- Center for Law and Social Policy(CLASP)
- Committee for Economic Development
- Division for Early Childhood
- Heckman Equation(heckmanequation.org ↗)
- Kids Count(Annie E. Casey Foundation)
- National Academy for State Health Policy
- National Center for Children in Poverty(nccp.org ↗)
- National Women’s Law Center
- New America Foundation
- Office of the Administration for Children and Families
- “Creating Opportunities for Families: A Two-Generation Approach”(政策報告)
- Report of the National Early Childhood Accountability Task Force
- U.S. Department of Education: Early Learning Initiative
研究中心與計畫#
- Center for Children and Families(UT Dallas)
- Center for the Economics of Human Development(芝加哥大學,James Heckman 創辦)
- Center on the Developing Child(哈佛,Jack Shonkoff 主持)
- Center for Early Education and Development(明尼蘇達大學)
- Child Trends
- Columbia University: National Center for Children and Families
- Erikson Institute Herr Research Center
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute
- Proyecto Habla conmigo!(Stanford Language Learning Lab)
- Harvard Family Research Project: FINE
- Human Early Learning Partnership(UBC)
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences(I-LABS)(華盛頓大學,Patricia Kuhl 領導)
- Juniper Gardens Children’s Project(Hart 與 Risley 的學術源頭)
- KidTalk(Vanderbilt)
- Mind in the Making
- Thirty Million Words Initiative(thirtymillionwords.org ↗)
- University of Chicago: Center for Early Childhood Research
- What Works Clearinghouse(IES)
國際資源#
- 1,000 Days(thousanddays.org ↗)
- The Hanen Centre
- Oxford Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research
- UNICEF Early Childhood Development
- WHO’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health: Early Childhood Development
書中明確提示:列在這份附錄中的方案、機構、政策資源不是要彼此競爭,而是要彼此銜接。沒有單一方案能解決三千萬字差距,但這些方案共同形塑出一個越來越完整的支援網路——只要每個社會角色(醫療、教育、社福、政策、媒體、父母)都把自己手上的部分接住,整體就能逐步逼近原書的願景:讓每個孩子的潛能都不被早期語言環境耽誤。