Lesson 2: Actions#
核心原則#
把故事中的重要動作表達為動詞,而非名詞。
這是本書最基礎、最重要的原則之一。當寫作者把動作藏在名詞裡(名詞化, nominalization),句子就會變得臃腫、抽象、難以理解。
什麼是名詞化?#
名詞化是指把動詞或形容詞轉變為名詞的過程:
| 動詞/形容詞 | 名詞化 |
|---|---|
| discover | discovery |
| resist | resistance |
| fail | failure |
| careless | carelessness |
| react | reaction |
| analyze | analysis |
童話故事測試#
判斷一個句子是否清晰,有一個簡單的方法——童話故事測試:
每個清晰的句子都像一個迷你故事,有角色(characters)和動作(actions)。
比較這兩個句子:
晦澀:The analysis of the data was performed for the determination of the effect of the intervention.
清晰:We analyzed the data to determine how the intervention affected the outcome.
第二個版本之所以更清晰,是因為動作(analyze, determine, affect)表達為動詞,而非名詞化(analysis, determination, effect)。
五種修改名詞化的模式#
模式 1:名詞化是主詞,動詞沒有實質意義#
The discovery of the virus was made by a graduate student.
✓ A graduate student discovered the virus.
模式 2:名詞化跟在空洞動詞之後#
The committee made a recommendation to revise the policy.
✓ The committee recommended revising the policy.
模式 3:連續的名詞化,用介系詞連接#
There was a discussion of the development of new regulations.
✓ They discussed how to develop new regulations.
模式 4:一個名詞化是另一個的主詞#
Their implementation of the plan caused a reduction in costs.
✓ When they implemented the plan, costs were reduced.
模式 5:名詞化接在 there is/are 之後#
There is a need for further investigation of this matter.
✓ We need to investigate this matter further.
何時保留名詞化#
並非所有名詞化都應該被消除。以下情況可以保留:
作為短主詞,指向前文提到的動作:
We analyzed the data. This analysis revealed…
作為常見的術語:
Education, government, revolution(這些已經是獨立概念,不只是動作的名詞化)
作為句尾的重音詞:
The committee recommended the termination of the project.(當你想強調「終止」時)
簡單的判斷法:如果你能把名詞化改回動詞,而且句子因此變得更短、更清楚,那就改。如果改回去反而笨拙,那就保留。
其他空洞動詞#
除了名詞化,注意這些空洞動詞(empty verbs),它們不傳達真正的動作:
- make, give, have, do, take, perform, achieve, effect
The committee gave their approval to the plan.
✓ The committee approved the plan.
本課重點
- 把重要的動作表達為動詞,而非名詞化(名詞)
- 名詞化讓句子變長、變抽象、難以理解
- 用童話故事測試:句子裡有角色和動作嗎?
- 五種常見的名詞化模式各有對應的修改策略
- 某些名詞化可以保留:作為回指、專有名詞或重音詞