Lesson 2: Actions#

核心原則#

把故事中的重要動作表達為動詞,而非名詞。

這是本書最基礎、最重要的原則之一。當寫作者把動作藏在名詞裡(名詞化, nominalization),句子就會變得臃腫、抽象、難以理解。

什麼是名詞化?#

名詞化是指把動詞或形容詞轉變為名詞的過程:

動詞/形容詞名詞化
discoverdiscovery
resistresistance
failfailure
carelesscarelessness
reactreaction
analyzeanalysis

童話故事測試#

判斷一個句子是否清晰,有一個簡單的方法——童話故事測試

每個清晰的句子都像一個迷你故事,有角色(characters)和動作(actions)。

比較這兩個句子:

晦澀:The analysis of the data was performed for the determination of the effect of the intervention.

清晰:We analyzed the data to determine how the intervention affected the outcome.

第二個版本之所以更清晰,是因為動作(analyze, determine, affect)表達為動詞,而非名詞化(analysis, determination, effect)。

五種修改名詞化的模式#

模式 1:名詞化是主詞,動詞沒有實質意義#

The discovery of the virus was made by a graduate student.

✓ A graduate student discovered the virus.

模式 2:名詞化跟在空洞動詞之後#

The committee made a recommendation to revise the policy.

✓ The committee recommended revising the policy.

模式 3:連續的名詞化,用介系詞連接#

There was a discussion of the development of new regulations.

✓ They discussed how to develop new regulations.

模式 4:一個名詞化是另一個的主詞#

Their implementation of the plan caused a reduction in costs.

✓ When they implemented the plan, costs were reduced.

模式 5:名詞化接在 there is/are 之後#

There is a need for further investigation of this matter.

✓ We need to investigate this matter further.

何時保留名詞化#

並非所有名詞化都應該被消除。以下情況可以保留:

  1. 作為短主詞,指向前文提到的動作

    We analyzed the data. This analysis revealed…

  2. 作為常見的術語

    Education, government, revolution(這些已經是獨立概念,不只是動作的名詞化)

  3. 作為句尾的重音詞

    The committee recommended the termination of the project.(當你想強調「終止」時)

簡單的判斷法:如果你能把名詞化改回動詞,而且句子因此變得更短、更清楚,那就改。如果改回去反而笨拙,那就保留。

其他空洞動詞#

除了名詞化,注意這些空洞動詞(empty verbs),它們不傳達真正的動作:

  • make, give, have, do, take, perform, achieve, effect

The committee gave their approval to the plan.

✓ The committee approved the plan.

本課重點
  • 把重要的動作表達為動詞,而非名詞化(名詞)
  • 名詞化讓句子變長、變抽象、難以理解
  • 用童話故事測試:句子裡有角色和動作嗎?
  • 五種常見的名詞化模式各有對應的修改策略
  • 某些名詞化可以保留:作為回指、專有名詞或重音詞