本章彙整原書四份附錄,供想進一步鑽研多元智能(multiple intelligences)理論與實務的讀者按圖索驥。內容依原書分為四類:加德納(Howard Gardner)本人的著作、他人關於此理論的研究、影音與教學資源,以及各地的聯絡窗口。由於書目龐大,以下每一類先精選代表性項目呈現,完整清單則收進可折疊的區塊。
附錄 A:加德納本人的著作與文章#
這一類收錄加德納自 1983 年《Frames of Mind》問世以來,親自撰寫或與人合著的專書、期刊論文與短文,是理論的第一手源頭。若只讀幾筆,以下是最具代表性的起點:
- Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.(奠基之作,1993 年另有加入新序的十週年版)
- Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. New York: Basic Books.
- Gardner, H., Kornhaber, M., and Wake, W. (1996). Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
- Gardner, H. (1998). A multiplicity of intelligences. Scientific American Presents: Exploring Intelligence, 19-23.
- Gardner, H. (1999, Feb). Who owns intelligence? Atlantic Monthly, 67-76.
- Gardner, H. (1999). Are there additional intelligences? The case for naturalist, spiritual, and existential intelligences. In J. Kane (Ed.), Education, Information and Transformation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
合著方面,加德納與零點計畫(Project Zero)同仁的作品尤其值得注意,例如 Gardner, Feldman, and Krechevsky (Gen. eds.) 主編的 Project Zero Frameworks for Early Childhood Education(Project Spectrum 三卷),以及 Gardner, H. & Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school. Educational Researcher, 18, 4-10。
完整書目:加德納著作與合著(Appendix A)
一、加德納獨力撰寫(節選)
- Gardner, H. (1984). Assessing intelligences: A comment on “Testing intelligence without IQ tests” by Robert Sternberg. Phi Delta Kappan, 699-700.
- Gardner, H. (1987). The theory of multiple intelligences. Annals of Dyslexia, 37, 19-35.
- Gardner, H. (1988). Beyond a modular view of mind. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child Development Today and Tomorrow. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Gardner, H. (1990). The difficulties of school: Probable causes, possible cures. Daedalus, 119 (2), 85-113.
- Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind, Tenth Anniversary Edition (with new introduction). New York: Basic Books.
- Gardner, H. (1994). Multiple intelligences: A view from the arts. Issues 1994, 5-22.
- Gardner, H. (1995). Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 77 (3), 200-209.
- Gardner, H. (1996). Probing more deeply into the theory of multiple intelligences. NASSP Bulletin, 1-7.
- Gardner, H. (1997). Multiple intelligences as a partner in school improvement. Educational Leadership, 55 (1), 20-21.
- Gardner, H. (1997). Fostering diversity through personalized education. Prospects, 27 (3), 347-363.
- Gardner, H. (1998). A multiplicity of intelligences. Scientific American Presents: Exploring Intelligence, 19-23.
- Gardner, H. (1999). Are there additional intelligences? In J. Kane (Ed.), Education, Information and Transformation. Prentice-Hall.
- Gardner, H. (1999). Who owns intelligence? Atlantic Monthly, 67-76.
- Gardner, H. (1999). Multiple approaches to understanding. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-Design Theories and Models. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
二、加德納合著(節選)
- Blythe, T., White, N., and Gardner, H. (1995). Teaching Practical Intelligence. West Lafayette, IN: Kappa Delta Pi.
- Chen, J-Q. & Gardner, H. (1997). Alternative assessment from a multiple intelligences theoretical perspective. In D. Flanagan et al. (Eds.), Contemporary Intellectual Assessment. New York: Guilford Press.
- Gardner, H. & Checkley, K. (1997). The first seven… and the eighth: A conversation with Howard Gardner. Educational Leadership, 55 (1), 8-13.
- Gardner, H., Feldman, D. H., and Krechevsky, M. (Gen. eds.) (1998). Project Zero Frameworks for Early Childhood Education(三卷,Project Spectrum). New York: Teachers College Press.
- Gardner, H. & Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school. Educational Researcher, 18, 4-10.
- Gardner, H., Kornhaber, M., and Wake, W. (1996). Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
- Hatch, T. & Gardner, H. (1990). If Binet had looked beyond the classroom: The assessment of multiple intelligences. International Journal of Educational Research, 415-429.
- Kornhaber, M. L. & Gardner, H. (1995). Solving for g and beyond. In Triumph of Discovery. New York: Henry Holt.
- Williams, W. et al. (1996). Practical Intelligence for School. New York: HarperCollins.
附錄 B:關於多元智能理論的其他作品#
這一類是他人以多元智能為題所寫的作品,數量龐大,反映了理論在 1990 年代的普及。原書再細分為三塊:專書與專論、文章與書評、學位論文與研討會論文。代表性的專書包括:
- Armstrong, T. (1993). Seven Kinds of Smart: Discovering and Using Your Natural Intelligences. New York: Plume/Penguin.
- Armstrong, T. (1994/2000). Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Campbell, B., Campbell, L., and Dickinson, D. (1993). Teaching and Learning through Multiple Intelligences. Tucson, AZ: Zephyr Press.
- Hoerr, T. (2000). Becoming a Multiple Intelligences School. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Lazear, D. (1991). Seven Ways of Knowing(加德納作序). Palatine, IL: IRI/Skylight.
- Shearer, B. (1996). The MIDAS: Multiple Intelligences Developmental Assessment Scales. Columbus, OH: Original Works.
- Kagan, S. and Kagan, M. Multiple Intelligences: The Complete MI Book. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Cooperative Learning.
這批應用型出版品多集中在少數幾家專門的教育出版社,最常見的是 Zephyr Press(Tucson, AZ)與 IRI/Skylight(Palatine, IL),檢索時可留意。
文章與書評方面,除了大量針對《Frames of Mind》的書評,也包含幾篇具代表性的批評與辯論,例如 Traub, J. (1998). Multiple Intelligences Disorder. The New Republic;White, J. (1998). Do Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Add Up? London: Institute of Education(加德納另有回應文);以及 Collins, J. (1998). Seven kinds of smart. Time。
完整清單:其他作品(Appendix B)
一、專書與專論(節選)
- Armstrong, T. (1987). In Their Own Way. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher.
- Bellanca, J., Chapman, C., and Swartz, E. (1995). Multiple Assessments for Multiple Intelligences. Palatine, IL: IRI/Skylight.
- Campbell, L. and Campbell, B. (1999). Multiple Intelligences and Student Achievement: Success Stories from Six Schools. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Fogarty, R. and Bellanca, J. (Eds.) (1995). Multiple Intelligences: A Collection. Palatine, IL: IRI/Skylight.
- Haggerty, B. (1995). Nurturing Intelligences: A Guide to Multiple Intelligences Theory and Teaching. Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley.
- Hoerr, T. R. (1996). Implementing Multiple Intelligences: The New City School Experience. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.
- Lazear, D. (1999). The Intelligent Curriculum: Using MI to Develop Your Students’ Full Potential. Tucson, AZ: Zephyr Press.
- McGrath, H. and Noble, T. (1995). Seven Ways at Once. Melbourne: Longman.
- New City School (1994). Celebrating Multiple Intelligences: Teaching for Success. St. Louis, MO.
- Nicholson-Nelson, K. (1998). Developing Students’ Multiple Intelligences. New York: Scholastic.
- Teele, S. (1995). The Multiple Intelligences School. Redlands, CA: Citrograph Printings.
- Vialle, W. and Perry, J. (1995). Nurturing Multiple Intelligences in the Australian Classroom. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow.
- Willard-Holt, C. and Holt, D. (1998). Applying Multiple Intelligences to Gifted Education. Manassas, VA: Gifted Education Press.
二、文章與書評(節選)
- Bruner, J. (1983). State of the Child. Review of Frames of Mind. New York Review of Books.
- Collins, J. (1998). Seven kinds of smart. Time, 94-96.
- Eisner, E. (1994). Putting multiple intelligences in context. Teachers College Record, 95 (4).
- Klein, P. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight. Canadian Journal of Education, 22, 377-394.(加德納有回應)
- Kornhaber, M., Krechevsky, M., and Gardner, H. (1990). Engaging intelligence. Educational Psychologist, 25, 177-199.
- Krechevsky, M. (1991). Project Spectrum: An innovative assessment alternative. Educational Leadership, 48, 43-48.
- Scarr, S. (1985). An author’s frame of mind. Review of Frames of Mind. New Ideas in Psychology, 3 (1).
- Sternberg, R. (1983). How much gall is too much gall? Review of Frames of Mind. Contemporary Education Review, 2 (3).
- Traub, J. (1998). Multiple Intelligences Disorder. The New Republic, 20-23.
- White, J. (1998). Do Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Add Up? London: Institute of Education.
三、學位論文與研討會論文(節選)
- Chen, J. (1993). Building on children’s strengths: Examination of a Project Spectrum intervention program. Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Martin, J. (1999). Assessment in Multiple Intelligences. Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University, Chicago.
- Vialle, W. (1991). Tuesday’s Children: A Study of Five Children Using Multiple Intelligences Theory as a Framework. Dissertation Abstracts International.
附錄 C:影音、通訊與其他資源#
除了紙本書目,原書也列出影片、電子與紙本通訊,以及各式教學材料,適合實務工作者取用。
影片:多為加德納的演講與課堂應用示範,代表作包括:
- MI: Intelligence, Understanding, and the Mind (1996). Into the Classroom Media.
- Creativity and Leadership: Making the Mind Extraordinary (1998). Into the Classroom Media.
- Optimizing Intelligences: Thinking, Emotion & Creativity (1998). National Professional Resources.(由 Howard Gardner、Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi、Daniel Goleman 共同演出)
- Common Miracles: The New Revolution in Learning. ABC News Special with Peter Jennings. MPI Home Video.
通訊(Newsletters):以美國 ASCD 網絡的 Intelligence Connections(Tom Hoerr 主編,New City School)最具代表性;另有愛爾蘭的 MI Bulletin(University College Cork)與電子報 Mi-News。
教學與其他材料:最值得記住的是零點計畫(Project Zero)的官方網站與研究專案入口——原書列為 [http://pzweb.harvard.edu],其中包括 SUMIT(Schools Using MI Theory)計畫的專頁。其餘多為 Zephyr Press、IRI/Skylight、ASCD 等出版社推出的海報、遊戲、CD-ROM 與課程套組。
附錄 D:多元智能理論及其應用的聯絡資源#
這一節列出遍及全球的個人與機構聯絡窗口,見證了此理論在 1999 年前後跨越十多國的傳播範圍,涵蓋美國、Argentina、Australia、Bangladesh、Brazil、Chile、China、Denmark、England、Finland、France、Ireland、Israel、Italy、Korea、Scotland、Sweden、Taiwan 等地。
其中最核心的學術聯絡點是位於 Harvard Graduate School of Education 的零點計畫(Project Zero)團隊,成員包括 Mara Krechevsky、Mindy Kornhaber、Julie Viens、Lois Hetland 等人;台灣方面則列有信誼基金會(Hsin-Yi Foundation)與 National Taiwan Normal University(Mei-Hung Chiu)。
此節所有姓名、機構與通訊地址皆為原書出版時(1999 年)的狀態。事隔多年,多數地址、電話與人員歸屬很可能已經異動,僅供了解理論早期傳播網絡之用;如需聯繫,請改以現行官方管道查證。