Lesson 11 是英語時態裡最讓人頭痛的「完成式（Perfect tenses）」全集合。完成式的核心精神是「站在某個時間點回頭看一個動作」 — 那個參考點可以是現在（present perfect）、過去某時（past perfect），或未來某時（future perfect）。每一種完成式還可再分 simple（強調動作完成、結果、或經驗）與 continuous（強調動作的持續、進行）。本課最後用兩張 All Verb Tenses 大表把全書 12 種時態一口氣整理完。
完成式不是「過去式 +1」，它表達的是「兩個時間點的關係」。學會問「這個動作是站在哪一刻往回看？」，比死背公式更重要。
現在完成式（Present Perfect Simple and Continuous）#
Simple Present Perfect#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + HAVE | HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE
例：I have spent…
書中用一連串對話框圖示出 simple present perfect 的典型用法：
- 一對戴頭巾的夫妻並肩坐著，妻子說：I have been happily married since I met this man.（自從遇到這個男人，我就一直很幸福地結著婚。） → 標籤：With HOW LONG | FOR | SINCE for verbs not normally used in continuous forms: BE, HAVE, KNOW, LIKE.（搭配 how long / for / since，特別是不常用進行式的動詞如 be、have、know、like。）
- 一位拿手機自拍的紅衣女子說：I have spent my parents’ savings.（我把爸媽的存款花光了。） → 標籤：For COMPLETED ACTIONS when no time is given.（用於沒有指定時間的「已完成動作」。）
- 一位穿 IMAIM（I’M IAM）T-shirt 的女生說：I have not ever been to Miami.（我從來沒去過 Miami。） → 標籤：With EVER | ALREADY | YET | JUST.（搭配 ever、already、yet、just。）
- 一位拿著紅酒杯的女子說：I have had six beers.（我已經喝了六瓶啤酒。） → 標籤：When we say HOW MANY or HOW MANY TIMES.（談「多少次／多少」。）
- 一位喝紅酒的女子說：It’s the best feeling I’ve ever had in my whole life.（這是我這輩子最棒的感覺。） → 標籤：With SUPERLATIVES.（搭配最高級。）
Figure 11.1: Simple Present Perfect 五個典型用法（HOW LONG/FOR/SINCE、已完成動作、EVER/ALREADY/YET/JUST、HOW MANY、最高級）
Present Perfect Continuous#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + HAVE | HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
例：I have been cheating…
一位坐在「NO SMOKING」標誌下、嘴角沾著口紅印的男子的兩個內心獨白：
- I have been cheating on my wife since she started snoring.（自從我老婆開始打鼾，我就一直在外面偷吃。） → 標籤：For continuous actions, especially for questions with HOW LONG and answers with FOR | SINCE.（持續動作，常搭配 how long 提問與 for / since 回答。）
- I have been spending time with Susan today.（我今天一直跟 Susan 待在一起。） → 標籤：For CONTINUOUS ACTIONS recently finished.（剛結束的持續動作。）
Figure 11.2: Present Perfect Continuous — NO SMOKING 標誌下口紅印男子的兩個內心獨白
Present Perfect 的否定與疑問#
書中用一對背對背躺在床上的夫妻插畫示範：
- 太太說：Dear, I haven’t forgotten how much I love you.（親愛的，我沒有忘記我有多愛你。）
- 先生回：Oh, I think so…
- 太太冷冷再問：Suzie, have you lost your mind?（Suzie，你瘋了嗎？）
Figure 11.3: Simple Present Perfect 否定與疑問 — 背對背躺在床上的夫妻
對應公式：
negative：SUBJECT + HAVEN’T | HASN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE — I haven’t forgotten…
question：HAVE | HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE — Have you lost…?
Present perfect continuous 的否定／疑問則用一對母女在台階上的插畫示範（媽媽抓到女兒偷吃巧克力）：
- Have you been eating chocolate, sweetie?（甜心，你是不是一直在吃巧克力？）
- No, I haven’t been eating anything, Mummy.（沒有，媽咪，我什麼都沒吃。）
Figure 11.4: Present Perfect Continuous 否定與疑問 — 媽媽抓到女兒在台階上偷吃巧克力
negative：SUBJECT + HAVEN’T | HASN’T + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing) — I haven’t been eating…
question：HAVE | HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing) — Have you been eating…?
現在完成式 vs 簡單過去式（Present Perfect or Simple Past?）#
這是整課最關鍵、也最容易出錯的對比章節。書中畫了一對胖胖的情侶坐在「MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY」（自然史博物館）門口的長椅上：
- 女生（穿運動背心）說：I always thought dinosaurs were just science fiction.（我一直以為恐龍只是科幻小說裡的東西。）
- 男生回：I have believed in the existence of dinosaurs since I met you.（自從遇到你，我就相信恐龍存在。）
Figure 11.5: Present Perfect or Simple Past — 自然史博物館門口情侶的 thought 與 have believed 對比
兩人說的是同一件事，但時態完全不同 — 因為含意不同：
The SIMPLE PAST is usually used for finished actions with a past time expression (yesterday, ago, last week…).
簡單過去式：用於「已經結束、有明確過去時間點」的動作（昨天、幾天前、上週……）。
I always thought dinosaurs were just science fiction. = she doesn’t think so any more.（她現在已經不這麼想了。）
The PRESENT PERFECT is usually used if an action started in the past and is still going on now.
現在完成式：動作從過去開始，到現在仍在持續。
I have believed in the existence of dinosaurs since I met you. = he still believes they exist.（他現在仍相信恐龍存在。）
換句話說：
- 結束了 → simple past
- 還沒結束、延續到現在 → present perfect
過去完成式（Past Perfect Simple and Continuous）#
過去完成式的參考點不是「現在」，而是「過去某一刻」，用來表達「比那一刻更早發生」的事 — 類似「過去的過去」。
Simple Past Perfect#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
例：I had fallen…
書中插畫：一個女孩連人帶腳踏車摔成一團，旁邊腳踏車輪還在轉。她的內心 OS：
I had never fallen off my bike before.（我以前從沒從腳踏車上摔下來過。）
用法說明：
- 用來談「在過去某個事件之前發生的另一個動作」（an ACTION that happened BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT in the past）
- 描述時間的副詞如 already、just、never、ever、before 很常出現
- 例句：She had never fallen off her bike before the time when she broke her leg.（在她摔斷腿之前，她從沒從腳踏車上摔下來過。）
也用於 REPORTED SPEECH（轉述句）：
- She whispered what they had said.（她小聲說出他們說過的話。）
- 旁邊還有一個八卦對話：She told me that he had told her that Elisa is pregnant. / Oh my God!（她跟我說，他跟她說 Elisa 懷孕了 — 我的天哪！）
Figure 11.6: Simple Past Perfect — 摔車女孩的「I had never fallen off my bike before」與轉述句的 reported speech 場景
Past Perfect Continuous#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
例：She had been dancing…
插畫畫了五個編號 1–5 的舞者連續舞步，最後一格定格成她拄拐杖的樣子。
用法說明：
- 用來談「過去開始、一直持續到另一個過去事件才停下」的動作（an ACTION that started in the past and CONTINUED UP UNTIL ANOTHER EVENT in the past）
- 例句：She had been dancing until her back said ‘stop’.（她一直跳舞，直到背受不了喊停為止。）
Figure 11.7: Past Perfect Continuous — 五個編號舞步從跳舞到拄拐杖的連續動作
Past Perfect 否定與疑問#
書中以「黑色長髮怪物 + 一群小人」與「法庭審訊」兩個畫面分別示範：
- Had you ever been anywhere that had so many people before you came to the city?（你來這城市以前，有去過這麼多人的地方嗎？）
- No, I hadn’t, and I hadn’t ever felt this alone, either.（沒有，而且我從沒這麼孤單過。）
法庭場景（法官 vs 被告）：
- 法官：Had you been stealing from your clients before the company went bankrupt?（公司倒閉前你是不是一直在偷客戶的錢？）
- 被告：No, I hadn’t been stealing. I had been investing in myself!（沒有，我不是在偷，我是在「投資自己」！）
Simple negative：SUBJECT + HADN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE — I hadn’t felt…
Simple question：HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE — Had you been…?
Continuous negative：SUBJECT + HADN’T + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE — I hadn’t been stealing…
Continuous question：HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE — Had you been stealing…?
未來完成式（Future Perfect Simple and Continuous）#
未來完成式是「站在未來某一刻，回頭看一個將會完成或仍在進行的動作」。
Simple Future Perfect#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
例：I will have succeeded…
插畫：一個男人站在水塔頂、俯瞰夜晚的城市天際線，內心獨白：
By next spring, maybe I ’ll have succeeded in making a friend.（也許到明年春天，我終於會成功交到一個朋友。）
文字說明：用來表示「在未來某個時間點之前，一個動作將會被完成」（an ACTION will be COMPLETED BY A CERTAIN TIME in the future）。
例句：
He will have succeeded in making a friend by the time he’s no longer afraid of people. When he makes a friend, he will have overcome his fear of people.
（在他不再怕人之前，他會交到一個朋友。等他交到朋友時，他將已經克服了對人的恐懼。）
Figure 11.8: Simple Future Perfect — 男人坐在水塔頂俯瞰夜景的 by next spring 內心獨白
Future Perfect Continuous#
肯定句公式：SUBJECT + WILL HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
例：I will have been working…
插畫：一位戴髮帶、穿圍裙的女工在工廠生產線旁，旁邊放著她的便當盒。她說：
I’ll have been working for 16 hours when I finish my shift.（等我下班時，我會已經連續工作 16 小時了。）
文字說明：用來表示「未來某個時間點之前，一個活動已經持續了多久」（show how long an ACTIVITY will be taking place BEFORE ANOTHER in the future）。
例句：
She will have been working for 16 hours and she will still have to prepare dinner for her husband.（她將已連續工作 16 小時，回家還得幫老公做晚餐。）
Figure 11.9: Future Perfect Continuous — 工廠生產線旁戴髮帶女工的「I'll have been working for 16 hours」
Future Perfect 否定與疑問#
Simple 用一張白雪公主與死神並肩走路的對話示範：
- 公主問：Will I have got my self-confidence back by next Halloween?（到明年萬聖節，我會把自信找回來嗎？）
- 死神回：I don’t know. But what I do know is you won’t have forgiven your mother.（我不知道。但我知道的是 — 你不會原諒你媽。）
Continuous 則用一個埋在書堆裡的女孩示範：
How long will I have been trying to learn English after this? 3, 4 years… 6 years… Oh well, I won’t have been wasting my time if I finally do learn.
（這之後我大概又要再學幾年英文？三年、四年……六年……算了，只要最後真的學會，那我這些時間就不算白費。）
書桌上幾本書還寫著 American Spanish Institute - NY 2008、Bell School - NY 2007、Summer 2007、Official School of Languages 2004、High School 1995–1999 — 這正是作者本人的英文學習簡歷自嘲。
Simple negative：SUBJECT + WON’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE — You won’t have forgiven…
Simple question：WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE — Will I have got…?
Continuous negative：SUBJECT + WON’T HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE — I won’t have been wasting…
Continuous question：WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE — Will I have been trying…?
所有時態總整理（All Verb Tenses）#
本書最重要的兩頁。作者畫了一個女子對著虛空大喊「ALL VERB TENSES」，然後用三張表（Present、Past、Future）把全 12 種時態的代表例句全部排出來，讓讀者一眼看清「哪一個時態用在哪個時間軸區間」。
表格欄位以 PAST | PRESENT | FUTURE 三欄表示動作所「指涉的時間」，例句的格子位置就代表它指涉的時間範圍。有些例句橫跨多格 — 因為那個用法本身跨越多個時間區間。
Figure 11.10: All Verb Tenses（一）— 開場大喊與 Present Tenses 四種時態的時間軸定位表
Present Tenses（現在式系統）#
| 時態 | PAST | PRESENT | FUTURE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | — | I want cookies. | The movie starts at 5 p.m. |
| Simple Present（橫跨三格） | I am silly. | ||
| Present Continuous | — | I’m driving right now. | I’m meeting friends tonight. |
| Present Continuous（橫跨三格） | I’m living in New York. | ||
| Simple Present Perfect | I have been to Italy. | I have cleaned the room. | — |
| Present Perfect Continuous | I have been drinking. | — | — |
| Present Perfect Continuous（橫跨三格） | I have been waiting for 2 hours. |
關鍵觀察：
- Simple Present 不只談「現在」 — I am silly 是恆常事實（橫跨過去到未來），The movie starts at 5 p.m. 是表定的未來
- Present Continuous 也能談未來（已安排的計畫，I’m meeting friends tonight.）
- Present Perfect 站在現在回頭看：I have been to Italy（過去發生）、I have cleaned the room（剛完成、結果還在）
Past Tenses（過去式系統）#
| 時態 | PAST | PRESENT | FUTURE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Past | I played with dolls. | If I lied to you, you would know. | If you forgot to bring it, I’d remind you. |
| Past Continuous | I was sleeping at 11 a.m. | — | If I wasn’t working tomorrow, I would go. |
| Simple Past Perfect | I had lost some weight. | — | — |
| Past Perfect Continuous | I had been crying all day. | If I had been reading, I wouldn’t have seen you. | — |
關鍵觀察：
- 「過去式」不只用來談過去 — 在假設語氣（if 子句）裡，simple past 和 past continuous 也可以指現在或未來的假想情境
- If I wasn’t working tomorrow… 句中 was 雖是過去形，指的是明天（未來）
Figure 11.11: All Verb Tenses（二）— Past Tenses 與 Future Tenses 兩張時態總表
Future Tenses（未來式系統）#
| 時態 | PAST | PRESENT | FUTURE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Future | — | I’ll answer the phone. | I will buy the tickets tomorrow. |
| Future Continuous | — | — | I will be having dinner with friends. |
| Future Simple Perfect | — | — | I will have finished. |
| Future Simple Perfect（橫跨三格） | I will have lived here for five years next week. | ||
| Future Perfect Continuous | — | — | I’ll have been waiting for 2 hours when you arrive. |
| Future Perfect Continuous（橫跨三格） | Soon, I will have been driving for 12 hours. |
關鍵觀察：
- Simple Future 也能指「現在做的決定」（I’ll answer the phone. — 電話響了當下決定接）
- Future Perfect 跨格的例句說明「持續到未來某點的累計時間」需要橫跨整個時間軸思考
- I will have lived here for five years next week. 表示這五年從過去開始，延續到下週才會剛好滿五年
看完這三張表，最重要的一個感悟是：「時態名稱」不等於「動作發生的時間」。Simple past 可以講未來假設，simple present 可以講未來事實，present perfect 可以講從過去延伸到現在 — 真正決定時態的是「說話者站在哪個時間點看這個動作」與「這個動作的時間範圍」。