這一課把英文的「副詞」與「介系詞中最讓人糊塗的 in / on / at」一次盤點清楚。作者用插畫示範每一類副詞該擺在句子裡的什麼位置，又用三欄表格把「地點 vs 時間」的 in / on / at 並排，讓人一眼就能看出差別。

副詞是什麼（Adverbs）#

An ADVERB modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. （副詞用來修飾動詞、形容詞或另一個副詞。）

It indicates how, where, when, why or under what conditions something happens.

書中用一段話一口氣示範了好幾類副詞同時上場：

• She always goes to the cafe in the afternoon, where she has a cup of tea, probably after spending too much time outside.
• Surely she is sad.
• Or maybe simply tired.

底線標出來的字都是副詞 — 有頻率（always）、時間（afternoon, after）、地點關係（where）、確定程度（probably, surely, maybe）、程度（too much）、觀點（simply）。

時間副詞（Time Adverbs）#

時間副詞回答三種問題：

擺放位置：

• WHEN 副詞通常放句尾 — She is pregnant now.
• FOR HOW LONG 副詞通常放句尾 — She has been pregnant for nine months.
• HOW OFTEN 副詞通常放在主動詞之前、助動詞之後 — She has often had strange cravings during her pregnancies.
• 但若是「精確次數」的 HOW OFTEN，則放在句尾。

一句裡若同時出現多個時間副詞，順序是：FOR HOW LONG → HOW OFTEN → WHEN。

例：She has been pregnant for nine months every year for the last decade.

疑問副詞（Interrogative Adverbs）#

疑問副詞 why, where, how, when 通常放在問句的開頭。

例：Why am I so great?

關係副詞（Relative Adverbs）#

關係副詞 where, when, why 用來把一個子句連回先行詞，介紹「地點 / 時間 / 原因」。

例：That’s the place where you were conceived.

程度副詞（Adverbs of Degree）#

代表字：almost, nearly, just, too, enough, hardly, completely, very, quite

程度副詞通常放在它要修飾的主動詞、形容詞或副詞之前。

例：Tom gets quite horny when he drinks coffee.（quite 修飾形容詞 horny）

地點副詞（Place Adverbs）#

代表字：everywhere, away, up, down, around, out, back, in, outside

擺放位置：

• 通常放在主動詞之後 — Get out!
• 或放在受詞之後 — She takes her husband outside.

確定副詞（Certainty Adverbs）#

代表字：certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

確定副詞放在主動詞之前，但放在 be 動詞之後。

• 主動詞前 — It definitely died.
• be 動詞後 — I’m absolutely certain.
• 有助動詞時，副詞夾在助動詞和主動詞中間 — I have probably seen it before. Its face looks familiar to me.
• 有時也可放在句首 — Undoubtedly, they were quite big.

方式副詞（Manner Adverbs）#

代表字：well, rapidly, slowly, quickly, easily, loudly, softly, beautifully（多以 -ly 結尾）

擺放位置：

• 通常放在主動詞或受詞之後 — She spends her salary quickly. / She spends it easily.
• 若是及物動詞，為了強調可以放在動詞前 — She happily bets against the machine.

觀點副詞與評論副詞（Viewpoint & Commenting Adverbs）#

• 觀點副詞（Viewpoint adverbs）：honestly, frankly, personally, obviously, surely, undoubtedly — 放在句首，並用逗號和句子主體分開。
  • 例：Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn.
• 評論副詞（Commenting adverbs）：definitely, certainly, obviously, simply — 用法很像觀點副詞，但放在 be 動詞之後、主動詞之前。
  • 例：I think she is certainly the worst person I have ever known. Don’t you think?

IN, ON, AT：地點介系詞（Place Prepositions）#

書中用一張紐約曼哈頓街景插畫，加上一個從高樓裡冒出的對話框，把三個介系詞一次串起來：

I live on the 33rd floor at 205 95th Street in New York.

交通工具有特別規則：

• in a / the：car, lorry（私人小空間）
• on a / the：metro, bus, train, plane, ship, bicycle（大眾運輸或騎乘）

常見搭配（Common Expressions）

• in：in a car, in a taxi, in a lift, in the newspaper, in the sky, in Leicester Square
• on：on a bus, on a train, on a plane, on the radio, on the Internet, on the left
• at：at home, at work, at school, at college, at the bottom, at the reception

IN, ON, AT：時間介系詞（Time Prepositions）#

書中用一個拿著鐮刀的死神插畫，從骷髏頭嘴裡吐出三個介系詞：

I will scare you on Sundays at 10 o’clock in the winter.

常見搭配（Common Expressions）

• in：in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s)
• on：on Tuesday morning(s), on Wednesday afternoon(s)
• at：at night, at Christmas, at the weekend, at the same time

句子裡用了 LAST、NEXT、EVERY、THIS 這四個字時，不要再加 in / on / at。

• I was depressed last May.（不是 in last May）
• I’m planning to rob a bank next Monday.（不是 on next Monday）
• I eat doughnuts every Christmas.（不是 at every Christmas）
• I will take a walk naked this evening.（不是 in this evening）