本章涵蓋英文寫作中最基礎的 11 條用法規則,包括標點符號的正確使用、主動詞一致性,以及代名詞格位等核心文法要點。這些規則應當熟練到成為第二天性。

Rule 1: 名詞所有格加 ’s#

無論名詞的最後一個字母為何,一律在單數名詞後加 ’s 來表示所有格。

  • Charles’s friend
  • Burns’s poems
  • the witch’s malice

例外情況#

  • -es-is 結尾的古代專有名詞:Jesus’、Isis’ temple、Moses’ Laws
  • for conscience’ sakefor righteousness’ sake 等慣用語

代名詞所有格不加撇號#

代名詞所有格 hersitstheirsyoursours 不使用撇號。不定代名詞則使用撇號:

  • one’s rights
  • somebody else’s umbrella

注意: it’s 是 “it is” 的縮寫,its 才是所有格。常見錯誤是將兩者混淆。

It’s a wise dog that scratches its own fleas.

Rule 2: 列舉三項以上時,每項之後加逗號#

在以單一連接詞連結的三個或以上項目中,每一項之後都加逗號(最後一項除外)。這就是所謂的 serial comma(牛津逗號)。

  • red, white, and blue
  • gold, silver, or copper
  • He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

補充: 在公司名稱中,最後一個逗號通常省略,需遵循個別公司的慣例。例如:Little, Brown and Company。

Rule 3: 用逗號包夾插入語#

插入語(parenthetic expressions)前後都必須加逗號。判斷是否為插入語有時並不容易,但無論中斷程度大小,絕不可只加一邊逗號而省略另一邊

The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.

常見插入語類型#

類型範例
日期中的年份April 6, 1986
直接稱呼If, Sir, you refuse, I cannot predict what will happen.
縮寫與頭銜Horace Fulsome, Ph.D., presided.

逗號不應將名詞與其限制性同位語分開#

  • Billy the Kid(正確)
  • The novelist Jane Austen(正確)

非限制性子句 vs. 限制性子句#

  • 非限制性(需要逗號):The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more interested.
  • 限制性(不需要逗號):People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

重點: 非限制性子句僅補充說明,可拆為獨立句子;限制性子句用來界定或識別先行詞,不可省略。

前置從句或片語需加逗號#

當主要子句前方有從屬子句或需分隔的引導語時,使用逗號隔開:

Partly by hard fighting, partly by diplomatic skill, they enlarged their dominions to the east.

Rule 4: 連接詞引導獨立子句前加逗號#

當連接詞(如 andbutforornorwhile)引導一個獨立子句時,在連接詞前加逗號。

  • The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
  • The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

例外#

  • 當從屬子句在前,獨立子句在後時,連接詞後不加逗號
  • 主詞相同且只出現一次時:連接詞為 but 通常加逗號;連接詞為 and 且兩句關係緊密時可省略

Rule 5: 不可用逗號連接獨立子句#

兩個文法完整的獨立子句,若沒有連接詞相連,正確的標點是分號

  • Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
  • It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.

也可以改寫為兩個獨立句子(用句號分開),或加入連接詞(用逗號,參照 Rule 4)。

技巧: 使用分號連接相關的獨立子句,是表達因果關係最簡潔有力的方式之一。比較以下三種形式,第一種最為精煉:

  1. Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
  2. Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining. They are full of engaging ideas.
  3. Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining, for they are full of engaging ideas.

副詞引導的第二子句仍需分號#

當第二子句由副詞(如 accordinglybesidesthenthereforethus)引導時,仍然需要分號

I had never been in the place before; besides, it was dark as a tomb.

例外:短句且形式對稱時可用逗號#

Man proposes, God disposes. I hardly knew him, he was so changed.

Rule 6: 不可將句子斷成兩截#

換言之,不要把逗號當句號用

  • 錯誤:I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.
  • 正確:I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago, coming home from Liverpool to New York.

注意: 使用此手法前,務必確認截斷是出於修辭上的強調效果,否則只會看起來像語法錯誤。一般而言,斷句只適用於對話場景。

Rule 7: 冒號用於引導列舉、同位語、延伸說明或引文#

冒號告訴讀者:接下來的內容與前面的子句密切相關。冒號的分隔力度強於逗號,弱於分號,且比破折號更正式。

使用原則#

  • 冒號通常接在獨立子句之後
  • 不可將冒號放在動詞與其受詞或補語之間

正確 vs. 錯誤#

錯誤正確
Your dedicated whittler requires: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.

冒號連接兩個獨立子句#

當第二子句解釋或延伸第一子句時,可用冒號連接:

But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial: there was no stopover in the undertaker’s foul parlor, no wreath or spray.

冒號引導引文#

The squalor of the streets reminded her of a line from Oscar Wilde: “We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.”

冒號的其他功能#

功能範例
正式書信的稱呼Dear Mr. Montague:
時間表示departs at 10:48 P.M.
標題與副標題分隔Practical Calligraphy: An Introduction to Italic Script

Rule 8: 破折號用於突然中斷或引導長同位語#

破折號(dash)是一種比逗號更強、比冒號更不正式、比括號更輕鬆的分隔標記。

  • His first thought on getting out of bed — if he had any thought at all — was to get back in again.
  • The rear axle began to make a noise — a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp.

技巧: 只有在一般標點符號不夠用時才使用破折號。如果能用逗號或句號清楚表達,就不必動用破折號。

Rule 9: 主詞的單複數決定動詞的單複數#

介於主詞與動詞之間的詞語,不影響動詞的數

  • 錯誤:The bittersweet flavor of youth — its trials, its joys, its adventures, its challenges — are not soon forgotten.
  • 正確:… is not soon forgotten.

關鍵規則#

主詞類型動詞數
each / either / everyone / everybody / neither / nobody / someone單數
none(表示「無人」no one / not one)單數(暗示多數時可用複數)
由 and 連接的複合主詞複數
由 with / as well as / in addition to / except / together with / no less than 連接的單數主詞單數

補充: 有些看似複數的名詞實為單數,例如 politicsnews。有些名詞則取決於內容:The contents of a book is singular;The contents of a jar may be singular or plural(看裝的是果醬還是彈珠)。

Rule 10: 使用正確的代名詞格位#

人稱代名詞及 who 會因作為主詞或受詞而改變形式。

主格用法#

  • Will Jane or he be hired, do you think?
  • The culprit, it turned out, was he.
  • Who knocks?

受格用法#

  • The ranger offered Shirley and him some advice.
  • Whom should I ask?
  • Give this work to whoever looks idle.(whoeverwhoever looks idle 的主詞)

比較句中的代名詞#

比較句中的代名詞格位取決於省略的動詞:

  • Sandy writes better than I. = Than I write.
  • Polly loves cake more than me. = More than she loves me.

注意: 避免省略動詞造成歧義。“I think Horace admires Jessica more than I” 可能意指 “than I do” 或 “than he admires me”。補齊動詞可消除歧義。

反身代名詞不作主詞#

  • 錯誤:Blake and myself stayed home.
  • 正確:Blake and I stayed home.

動名詞 vs. 現在分詞#

  • 動名詞需用所有格:Mother objected to our driving on the icy roads.
  • 現在分詞作為動詞性質時用受格:They heard him singing in the shower.

Rule 11: 句首分詞片語必須指向文法主詞#

Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.

這裡 walking 指的是句子的主詞 he,而非 woman。若要讓 walking 指向 woman,必須改寫:

He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.

此規則同樣適用於連接詞或介係詞引導的分詞片語、同位語中的名詞、形容詞,以及形容詞片語。

違反此規則的常見荒謬例句#

  • 錯誤:Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.(暗示「我」破爛不堪)
  • 錯誤:Wondering irresolutely what to do next, the clock struck twelve.(暗示「時鐘」在猶豫不決)

重點: 句首修飾語(分詞片語、介係詞片語、形容詞片語)必須在邏輯上指向緊隨其後的主詞。這是避免「懸垂修飾語」(dangling modifier)的基本原則。