本章涵蓋英文寫作中最基礎的 11 條用法規則,包括標點符號的正確使用、主動詞一致性,以及代名詞格位等核心文法要點。這些規則應當熟練到成為第二天性。
Rule 1: 名詞所有格加 ’s#
無論名詞的最後一個字母為何,一律在單數名詞後加 ’s 來表示所有格。
- Charles’s friend
- Burns’s poems
- the witch’s malice
例外情況#
- 以 -es 或 -is 結尾的古代專有名詞:Jesus’、Isis’ temple、Moses’ Laws
- for conscience’ sake、for righteousness’ sake 等慣用語
代名詞所有格不加撇號#
代名詞所有格 hers、its、theirs、yours、ours 不使用撇號。不定代名詞則使用撇號:
- one’s rights
- somebody else’s umbrella
注意: it’s 是 “it is” 的縮寫,its 才是所有格。常見錯誤是將兩者混淆。
It’s a wise dog that scratches its own fleas.
Rule 2: 列舉三項以上時,每項之後加逗號#
在以單一連接詞連結的三個或以上項目中,每一項之後都加逗號(最後一項除外)。這就是所謂的 serial comma(牛津逗號)。
- red, white, and blue
- gold, silver, or copper
- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
補充: 在公司名稱中,最後一個逗號通常省略,需遵循個別公司的慣例。例如:Little, Brown and Company。
Rule 3: 用逗號包夾插入語#
插入語(parenthetic expressions)前後都必須加逗號。判斷是否為插入語有時並不容易,但無論中斷程度大小,絕不可只加一邊逗號而省略另一邊。
The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
常見插入語類型#
| 類型 | 範例 |
|---|---|
| 日期中的年份 | April 6, 1986 |
| 直接稱呼 | If, Sir, you refuse, I cannot predict what will happen. |
| 縮寫與頭銜 | Horace Fulsome, Ph.D., presided. |
逗號不應將名詞與其限制性同位語分開#
- Billy the Kid(正確)
- The novelist Jane Austen(正確)
非限制性子句 vs. 限制性子句#
- 非限制性(需要逗號):The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more interested.
- 限制性(不需要逗號):People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
重點: 非限制性子句僅補充說明,可拆為獨立句子;限制性子句用來界定或識別先行詞,不可省略。
前置從句或片語需加逗號#
當主要子句前方有從屬子句或需分隔的引導語時,使用逗號隔開:
Partly by hard fighting, partly by diplomatic skill, they enlarged their dominions to the east.
Rule 4: 連接詞引導獨立子句前加逗號#
當連接詞(如 and、but、for、or、nor、while)引導一個獨立子句時,在連接詞前加逗號。
- The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
- The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.
例外#
- 當從屬子句在前,獨立子句在後時,連接詞後不加逗號
- 主詞相同且只出現一次時:連接詞為 but 通常加逗號;連接詞為 and 且兩句關係緊密時可省略
Rule 5: 不可用逗號連接獨立子句#
兩個文法完整的獨立子句,若沒有連接詞相連,正確的標點是分號。
- Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
- It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
也可以改寫為兩個獨立句子(用句號分開),或加入連接詞(用逗號,參照 Rule 4)。
技巧: 使用分號連接相關的獨立子句,是表達因果關係最簡潔有力的方式之一。比較以下三種形式,第一種最為精煉:
- Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
- Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining. They are full of engaging ideas.
- Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining, for they are full of engaging ideas.
副詞引導的第二子句仍需分號#
當第二子句由副詞(如 accordingly、besides、then、therefore、thus)引導時,仍然需要分號:
I had never been in the place before; besides, it was dark as a tomb.
例外:短句且形式對稱時可用逗號#
Man proposes, God disposes. I hardly knew him, he was so changed.
Rule 6: 不可將句子斷成兩截#
換言之,不要把逗號當句號用。
- 錯誤:I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.
- 正確:I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago, coming home from Liverpool to New York.
注意: 使用此手法前,務必確認截斷是出於修辭上的強調效果,否則只會看起來像語法錯誤。一般而言,斷句只適用於對話場景。
Rule 7: 冒號用於引導列舉、同位語、延伸說明或引文#
冒號告訴讀者:接下來的內容與前面的子句密切相關。冒號的分隔力度強於逗號,弱於分號,且比破折號更正式。
使用原則#
- 冒號通常接在獨立子句之後
- 不可將冒號放在動詞與其受詞或補語之間
正確 vs. 錯誤#
| 錯誤 | 正確 |
|---|---|
| Your dedicated whittler requires: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch. | Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch. |
冒號連接兩個獨立子句#
當第二子句解釋或延伸第一子句時,可用冒號連接:
But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial: there was no stopover in the undertaker’s foul parlor, no wreath or spray.
冒號引導引文#
The squalor of the streets reminded her of a line from Oscar Wilde: “We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.”
冒號的其他功能#
| 功能 | 範例 |
|---|---|
| 正式書信的稱呼 | Dear Mr. Montague: |
| 時間表示 | departs at 10:48 P.M. |
| 標題與副標題分隔 | Practical Calligraphy: An Introduction to Italic Script |
Rule 8: 破折號用於突然中斷或引導長同位語#
破折號(dash)是一種比逗號更強、比冒號更不正式、比括號更輕鬆的分隔標記。
- His first thought on getting out of bed — if he had any thought at all — was to get back in again.
- The rear axle began to make a noise — a grinding, chattering, teeth-gritting rasp.
技巧: 只有在一般標點符號不夠用時才使用破折號。如果能用逗號或句號清楚表達,就不必動用破折號。
Rule 9: 主詞的單複數決定動詞的單複數#
介於主詞與動詞之間的詞語,不影響動詞的數。
- 錯誤:The bittersweet flavor of youth — its trials, its joys, its adventures, its challenges — are not soon forgotten.
- 正確:… is not soon forgotten.
關鍵規則#
| 主詞類型 | 動詞數 |
|---|---|
| each / either / everyone / everybody / neither / nobody / someone | 單數 |
| none(表示「無人」no one / not one) | 單數(暗示多數時可用複數) |
| 由 and 連接的複合主詞 | 複數 |
| 由 with / as well as / in addition to / except / together with / no less than 連接的單數主詞 | 單數 |
補充: 有些看似複數的名詞實為單數,例如 politics、news。有些名詞則取決於內容:The contents of a book is singular;The contents of a jar may be singular or plural(看裝的是果醬還是彈珠)。
Rule 10: 使用正確的代名詞格位#
人稱代名詞及 who 會因作為主詞或受詞而改變形式。
主格用法#
- Will Jane or he be hired, do you think?
- The culprit, it turned out, was he.
- Who knocks?
受格用法#
- The ranger offered Shirley and him some advice.
- Whom should I ask?
- Give this work to whoever looks idle.(whoever 是 whoever looks idle 的主詞)
比較句中的代名詞#
比較句中的代名詞格位取決於省略的動詞:
- Sandy writes better than I. = Than I write.
- Polly loves cake more than me. = More than she loves me.
注意: 避免省略動詞造成歧義。“I think Horace admires Jessica more than I” 可能意指 “than I do” 或 “than he admires me”。補齊動詞可消除歧義。
反身代名詞不作主詞#
- 錯誤:Blake and myself stayed home.
- 正確:Blake and I stayed home.
動名詞 vs. 現在分詞#
- 動名詞需用所有格:Mother objected to our driving on the icy roads.
- 現在分詞作為動詞性質時用受格:They heard him singing in the shower.
Rule 11: 句首分詞片語必須指向文法主詞#
Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.
這裡 walking 指的是句子的主詞 he,而非 woman。若要讓 walking 指向 woman,必須改寫:
He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.
此規則同樣適用於連接詞或介係詞引導的分詞片語、同位語中的名詞、形容詞,以及形容詞片語。
違反此規則的常見荒謬例句#
- 錯誤:Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.(暗示「我」破爛不堪)
- 錯誤:Wondering irresolutely what to do next, the clock struck twelve.(暗示「時鐘」在猶豫不決)
重點: 句首修飾語(分詞片語、介係詞片語、形容詞片語)必須在邏輯上指向緊隨其後的主詞。這是避免「懸垂修飾語」(dangling modifier)的基本原則。