標點符號的用法繁雜、誤用形態更多。本附錄僅就最常見的錯誤做整理;想深入研究者,布萊森推薦 G. V. Carey 的 Mind the Stop

撇號(apostrophe)#

撇號的兩個主要功能:

  • 省略字母don’tcan’twouldn’t
  • 所有格(嚴格說是 genitive case):John’s bookthe bank’s moneythe people’s choice

兩種常見錯誤#

1. 多重所有格(multiple possessives)#

共有時只在最近的名詞加撇號;分屬時每人都加。

  • 一齣合寫的劇:Jeremy Paul and Alan Gibson’s play(只在 Gibson 加撇號)
  • 兩人各寫的劇:Jeremy Paul’s and Alan Gibson’s plays

2. 複數量詞的所有格#

撇號常被遺漏:

  • 錯:thirty days credit
  • 對:thirty days’ creditthirty days of credit
  • 錯:nineteen years service
  • 對:nineteen years’ servicenineteen years of service

若把多餘的字砍掉,撇號問題自動消失:in twenty-five years’ timein twenty-five yearsseveral hundred acres’ worth of propertyseveral hundred acres

冒號(colon)#

冒號標記正式引介或一系列項目的開端。

簡單列舉時,動詞與其受詞之間不加冒號

  • 錯:The four states bordering Texas are: New Mexico, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.
  • 對:Texas is bordered by four states: New Mexico, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.

逗號(comma)#

逗號是英語中最常被誤用的標點。布萊森歸納四種使用情境:三種強制、一種建議

1. 插入語(parenthetical information)—— 強制#

可被刪除而不破壞句意的補充資訊,前後須加逗號:

  • 對:Mr. Lawson, the energy secretary, was unavailable for comment.
  • 對:The ambassador, who arrived in Britain two days ago, yesterday met with the Prime Minister.

變體:判斷哪一段才是插入語#

  • 錯:she won a scholarship to Millfield, the private school, for bright children of the rich.
  • 對:she won a scholarship to Millfield, the private school for bright children of the rich.

若插入內容本身可獨立成句,應改用破折號括號,而非逗號。

2. 非限制子句(nonrestrictive clause)—— 強制#

判別關鍵:「能不能拿掉」?

  • John Fowles’s novel The Collector was a bestseller.(限制:他不只一本小說)
  • John Fowles’s first novel, The Collector, was a bestseller.(非限制:第一本只有一本,可拿掉)

對名字/頭銜也適用:

  • BBC chairman George Howard claimed last night.(限制:定義人物)
  • The chairman of the BBC, George Howard, claimed last night.(非限制:BBC 只有一位董事長)

同樣道理:Mrs. Thatcher and her husband, Denis, left London yesterday.(柴契爾夫人只有一個丈夫)

3. 稱呼語(forms of address)—— 強制#

對某人說話時,名字前後須加逗號:

  • 錯:Hit him Jim, hit him.
  • 對:Hit him, Jim, hit him.

著名作品標題也應如此:

  • Good Morning, America
  • I’m All Right, Jack

否則可能造成嚴重歧義:I’m choking Mr. HerriotI’m choking, Mr. Herriot 完全不同意思!

4. 插入詞與短語(interpolations)—— 建議#

moreovermeanwhileneverthelessfor instancefor example 等傳統上用逗號隔開,現代趨勢已寬鬆。

布萊森建議:當會造成停頓或可能歧義時就加,特別是 however

  • However hard he tried, he failed.(修飾 hard)
  • However, he tried hard, but failed.(轉折用法)

破折號(dash)#

破折號的兩種用法:

  • 成對:插入語
  • 單獨:句子的劇烈轉折或強調 → There are only two things we can count on—death and taxes.

破折號用得簡省最有力,單句中不應出現超過一對

兩種常見錯誤#

1. 沒打第二道破折號#

  • 錯:The group—it is the largest in its sector, with subsidiaries or associates in eleven countries, says trading has improved.
  • 對:The group—it is the largest…, with subsidiaries or associates in eleven countries—says trading has improved.

2. 把不該插入的字鎖進破折號#

  • 錯:an even more—shall we say, relaxed—attitude
  • 對:an even more—shall we say?—relaxed attituderelaxed 屬於主句)

省略號(ellipsis)#

省略號是三點(…),不是隨手點幾下。

  • 句中:三點
  • 句末:常加第四點當句點

驚嘆號(exclamation marks)#

僅用於強烈情緒(“Get out!")或急迫求救(“Help me!")。

不要用驚嘆號為平淡的事實加味:

It was bound to happen sometime! A bull got into a china shop here.

連字號(hyphen)#

福勒(Fowler)的名言:「Its infinite variety defies description.」(連字號的多變莫可名狀。)

連字號的主要任務是降低歧義

  • the twenty-odd members(約二十名)
  • the twenty odd members(二十位古怪的成員)

形容詞前置時加連字號#

  • a six-foot-high wall
  • a four-inch rainfall

但若兩字常見併用,連字號可省:real estate transactionpost-office strike

副詞用法不加連字號#

  • 錯:who will be fifty-years-old next month
  • 對:who will be fifty years old next montha fifty-year-old man

-ly 副詞絕不加連字號#

  • 對:newly electedwidely held
  • 錯:newly-electedwidely-held

括號(parentheses)#

括號內的內容對主句沒有文法影響——句子彷彿不知道它存在。

  • 錯:Mrs. Graham (and her father before her) have made a success of the Washington Post.has

主句的影響會作用到括號內

  • 錯:no Japanese immigrants were allowed to become citizens—and thus could not vote—until 1952.(雙重否定變成他們能投票)
  • 對:and thus could not vote 中的 not 應刪

句點與括號的位置#

  • 部分句子的括號註解:句點在括號之後(如本句)。
  • 整句都是括號註解:句點在括號之內。(如本句即是。)

句點(period / full stop)#

1. 連寫句(run-on sentence)#

不要用逗號黏合兩個完整的句子:

  • 錯:…, however the Treasury is drawing up contingency plans.
  • 對:…; however, the Treasury is drawing up contingency plans.

2. 句子過長#

句點不收費。」想法複雜時,把它切成幾段消化得了的份量。

One idea to a sentence」是寫作中歷久彌新的良言。

問號(question mark)#

直接問句用問號;間接問句不用。

  • 對:Who is going with you?
  • 對:I would like to know who is going with you.(間接,不加問號)

當「直接問句」帶有命令語氣時,問號可有可無:

  • Will everyone please assemble in my office at four o’clock?(嚴格說正確)

直接問句出現在引號之外的怪句構,通常改寫成間接句更佳:

  • 怪:“Why does this happen to us?” we wonder.
  • 改寫:We wonder why this happens to us.

引號(quotation marks / inverted commas)#

標點與引號的位置#

  • 美式(並逐漸通行於英國):句點與其他標點放在引號內 → He said, “I will not go.”
  • 部分英式:句點放在引號外 → He said, ‘I will not go’.

引號內首字大小寫#

  • 完整引語:首字大寫 → He said, “Victory is ours.”
  • that 引入:首字小寫 → He said that “victory is ours.”

福勒主張省略 He said 後的逗號(因為引號本身已示意),但傳統慣例仍保留逗號。

分號(semicolon)#

分號比逗號重,比句點輕。主要功能:

  • 連結意義相關但無連接詞的「接觸子句」(contact clauses):You take the high road; I’ll take the low road.
  • 也可分隔較長的並列子句

同一個句子當然可以用句點切開,或加連接詞改寫成 You take the high road and I’ll take the low road.——分號只是另一種選擇。