標點符號的用法繁雜、誤用形態更多。本附錄僅就最常見的錯誤做整理;想深入研究者,布萊森推薦 G. V. Carey 的 Mind the Stop。
撇號(apostrophe)#
撇號的兩個主要功能:
- 省略字母:don’t、can’t、wouldn’t
- 所有格(嚴格說是 genitive case):John’s book、the bank’s money、the people’s choice
兩種常見錯誤#
1. 多重所有格(multiple possessives)#
共有時只在最近的名詞加撇號;分屬時每人都加。
- 一齣合寫的劇:Jeremy Paul and Alan Gibson’s play(只在 Gibson 加撇號)
- 兩人各寫的劇:Jeremy Paul’s and Alan Gibson’s plays
2. 複數量詞的所有格#
撇號常被遺漏:
- 錯:thirty days credit
- 對:thirty days’ credit 或 thirty days of credit
- 錯:nineteen years service
- 對:nineteen years’ service 或 nineteen years of service
若把多餘的字砍掉,撇號問題自動消失:in twenty-five years’ time → in twenty-five years;several hundred acres’ worth of property → several hundred acres。
冒號(colon)#
冒號標記正式引介或一系列項目的開端。
簡單列舉時,動詞與其受詞之間不加冒號。
- 錯:The four states bordering Texas are: New Mexico, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.
- 對:Texas is bordered by four states: New Mexico, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.
逗號(comma)#
逗號是英語中最常被誤用的標點。布萊森歸納四種使用情境:三種強制、一種建議。
1. 插入語(parenthetical information)—— 強制#
可被刪除而不破壞句意的補充資訊,前後須加逗號:
- 對:Mr. Lawson, the energy secretary, was unavailable for comment.
- 對:The ambassador, who arrived in Britain two days ago, yesterday met with the Prime Minister.
變體:判斷哪一段才是插入語#
- 錯:she won a scholarship to Millfield, the private school, for bright children of the rich.
- 對:she won a scholarship to Millfield, the private school for bright children of the rich.
若插入內容本身可獨立成句,應改用破折號或括號,而非逗號。
2. 非限制子句(nonrestrictive clause)—— 強制#
判別關鍵:「能不能拿掉」?
- John Fowles’s novel The Collector was a bestseller.(限制:他不只一本小說)
- John Fowles’s first novel, The Collector, was a bestseller.(非限制:第一本只有一本,可拿掉)
對名字/頭銜也適用:
- BBC chairman George Howard claimed last night.(限制:定義人物)
- The chairman of the BBC, George Howard, claimed last night.(非限制:BBC 只有一位董事長)
同樣道理:Mrs. Thatcher and her husband, Denis, left London yesterday.(柴契爾夫人只有一個丈夫)
3. 稱呼語(forms of address)—— 強制#
對某人說話時,名字前後須加逗號:
- 錯:Hit him Jim, hit him.
- 對:Hit him, Jim, hit him.
著名作品標題也應如此:
- Good Morning, America
- I’m All Right, Jack
否則可能造成嚴重歧義:I’m choking Mr. Herriot 與 I’m choking, Mr. Herriot 完全不同意思!
4. 插入詞與短語(interpolations)—— 建議#
moreover、meanwhile、nevertheless、for instance、for example 等傳統上用逗號隔開,現代趨勢已寬鬆。
布萊森建議:當會造成停頓或可能歧義時就加,特別是 however:
- However hard he tried, he failed.(修飾 hard)
- However, he tried hard, but failed.(轉折用法)
破折號(dash)#
破折號的兩種用法:
- 成對:插入語
- 單獨:句子的劇烈轉折或強調 → There are only two things we can count on—death and taxes.
破折號用得簡省最有力,單句中不應出現超過一對。
兩種常見錯誤#
1. 沒打第二道破折號#
- 錯:The group—it is the largest in its sector, with subsidiaries or associates in eleven countries, says trading has improved.
- 對:The group—it is the largest…, with subsidiaries or associates in eleven countries—says trading has improved.
2. 把不該插入的字鎖進破折號#
- 錯:an even more—shall we say, relaxed—attitude
- 對:an even more—shall we say?—relaxed attitude(relaxed 屬於主句)
省略號(ellipsis)#
省略號是三點(…),不是隨手點幾下。
- 句中:三點
- 句末:常加第四點當句點
驚嘆號(exclamation marks)#
僅用於強烈情緒(“Get out!")或急迫求救(“Help me!")。
不要用驚嘆號為平淡的事實加味:
It was bound to happen sometime! A bull got into a china shop here.
連字號(hyphen)#
福勒(Fowler)的名言:「Its infinite variety defies description.」(連字號的多變莫可名狀。)
連字號的主要任務是降低歧義:
- the twenty-odd members(約二十名)
- the twenty odd members(二十位古怪的成員)
形容詞前置時加連字號#
- a six-foot-high wall
- a four-inch rainfall
但若兩字常見併用,連字號可省:real estate transaction、post-office strike。
副詞用法不加連字號#
- 錯:who will be fifty-years-old next month
- 對:who will be fifty years old next month;a fifty-year-old man
-ly 副詞絕不加連字號#
- 對:newly elected、widely held
- 錯:newly-elected、widely-held
括號(parentheses)#
括號內的內容對主句沒有文法影響——句子彷彿不知道它存在。
- 錯:Mrs. Graham (and her father before her) have made a success of the Washington Post. → has
但主句的影響會作用到括號內:
- 錯:no Japanese immigrants were allowed to become citizens—and thus could not vote—until 1952.(雙重否定變成他們能投票)
- 對:and thus could not vote 中的 not 應刪
句點與括號的位置#
- 部分句子的括號註解:句點在括號之後(如本句)。
- 整句都是括號註解:句點在括號之內。(如本句即是。)
句點(period / full stop)#
1. 連寫句(run-on sentence)#
不要用逗號黏合兩個完整的句子:
- 錯:…, however the Treasury is drawing up contingency plans.
- 對:…; however, the Treasury is drawing up contingency plans.
2. 句子過長#
「句點不收費。」想法複雜時,把它切成幾段消化得了的份量。
「One idea to a sentence」是寫作中歷久彌新的良言。
問號(question mark)#
直接問句用問號;間接問句不用。
- 對:Who is going with you?
- 對:I would like to know who is going with you.(間接,不加問號)
當「直接問句」帶有命令語氣時,問號可有可無:
- Will everyone please assemble in my office at four o’clock?(嚴格說正確)
直接問句出現在引號之外的怪句構,通常改寫成間接句更佳:
- 怪:“Why does this happen to us?” we wonder.
- 改寫:We wonder why this happens to us.
引號(quotation marks / inverted commas)#
標點與引號的位置#
- 美式(並逐漸通行於英國):句點與其他標點放在引號內 → He said, “I will not go.”
- 部分英式:句點放在引號外 → He said, ‘I will not go’.
引號內首字大小寫#
- 完整引語:首字大寫 → He said, “Victory is ours.”
- 接 that 引入:首字小寫 → He said that “victory is ours.”
福勒主張省略 He said 後的逗號(因為引號本身已示意),但傳統慣例仍保留逗號。
分號(semicolon)#
分號比逗號重,比句點輕。主要功能:
- 連結意義相關但無連接詞的「接觸子句」(contact clauses):You take the high road; I’ll take the low road.
- 也可分隔較長的並列子句
同一個句子當然可以用句點切開,或加連接詞改寫成 You take the high road and I’ll take the low road.——分號只是另一種選擇。