who vs. whom:英語的化石代名詞#

連莎士比亞、Addison、Ben Jonson、狄更斯、邱吉爾與《欽定本聖經》譯者都困擾過這個問題——你並不孤單。

簡明規則#

  • whom:作介詞或動詞的受詞,或作與 to-be 搭配的不定詞之主詞
  • who:其他所有情況

用 he/him 替換法檢查#

把代名詞換成 he 或 him 來測試最有效——若應為 him,就用 whom

例:

  • Lennon, who he idolized → *idolized him* → 應為 whom he idolized
  • Colombo, whom officials have said is the head…officials have said he is the head → 應為 who
  • who to save → *save him* → 應為 whom to save

介詞片語例外#

當代名詞既是介詞片語的一部分、又是子句的主詞時,子句主詞身份優先

  • 對:They rent it to whoever needs it.(“any person who needs it”)
  • 對:offer it to whoever applies first
  • 對:Give it to whoever wants it

雖然介詞 to 後通常接受格 whom,但這裡 whoeverneeds 的主詞,故用主格。

whom 還值得保留嗎?#

布萊森引述 Bernstein 1975 年向 25 位用法權威的調查:

  • 6 票保留
  • 4 票猶豫
  • 15 票廢除

但他自己仍偏好保留——「妥用 whom 自有一種典雅。」

that, which, who 與限制/非限制子句#

與 T 章 that, which 同一原則——子句若是「定義性」(限制),不加逗號;若是「補充」(非限制),須加逗號。

範例對照:

Pilots, whose minds are dull, do not usually live long.
(非限制:所有飛行員心智都遲鈍 → 是侮辱)

Pilots whose minds are dull do not usually live long.
(限制:心智遲鈍的飛行員活不久 → 是建議)

關於 whose

  • 多數人以為 whose 只能用於「人」;其實對「物」也合法:a picaresque novel whose central characters are…
  • the central characters of which are… 自然得多

容易混淆的近義字#

字組區分要點
waiver / waver放棄要求 / 動搖、猶豫
wean是「斷捨」(離乳);不是 brought up on;要說明從什麼東西斷離才正確
whence已含「from」之意;from whence 嚴格上冗詞,雖《欽定本聖經》也這樣寫
whether or not表「不論」時須完整保留:I intend to go whether or not you like it.;表 if 時可省 or notnot yet known whether… can spread
whet one’s appetitewhet(古英文「磨利」),不是 wet;同源 whetstone(磨刀石)
wound / scar傷口 / 傷疤;傷疤是傷口癒合後的痕跡,不會「癒合」
will / would一句之內保持一致;would 假設語氣,will 表確定。混用會把「可能成本」與「確定成本」混為一談

詞義被誤解的字#

以下幾個是布萊森反覆糾正的字。

  • widow / wife of the late:兩種寫法擇一即可:widow of President Sadatwife of the late President Sadatwidow of the late President 是冗詞
  • zoom(屬 Z 章但同類):嚴格指「陡升」,不是任何快速移動

高頻拼字陷阱#

以下都是布萊森點名的常見誤拼字。

  • Wal-Mart:折扣零售集團,注意連字號;正式名稱 Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
  • Wedgwood(瓷器):是 Wedg-,不是 Wedge-
  • Weidenfeld and Nicolson:英國出版社,是 Weiden-Nicol-
  • Westmorland:英國舊郡(今已併入 Cumbria),不是 Westmore-
  • Western Australia(西澳州)但 The West Australian(其最大報紙)
  • whitish:是 whitish,不是 white-ish
  • whiz kid / whiz-bang:是單一 z,後者加連字號
  • whodunit:通俗推理小說的標準拼法(單 n)
  • Wilshire Boulevard(洛杉磯):不是 Wiltshire
  • wistaria / wisteria:今日字典普遍偏 wisteria;該植物正式屬名為 Wisteria
  • withhold / withheld:注意 -hh-
  • wondrous:是 -drous,不是 -derous
  • Woolloomooloo(雪梨郊區):注意結尾單一 l
  • wunderkind:是 wunder-(德文),不是 wonder-
  • worsted fabric(精紡布料):是 -sted,不是 -stead
  • Weddell Sea:南極海域

句法陷阱#

what 開頭的句子#

  • 鬆散:What has characterized her evidence is constant name-dropping.
  • 緊湊:Her evidence has been characterized by constant name-dropping.

would like 的時態#

  • 口語:I would have liked to have seen it.(雙重完成)
  • 寫作:I would like to have seen it.I would have liked to see it.

“way, shape, or form”#

三個字選一個就好。布萊森忍不住吐槽:I don’t like it in any way, shape, or form 是浮誇的累贅。

冗詞與多餘修飾#

  • weather conditionsweather
  • thunderstorm activitythunderstorms
  • the late + widow → 擇一
  • various different → 擇一
  • at this moment in timenow(屬 T 章)

引文糾誤#

Water, water, everywhere / Nor any drop to drink」是柯立芝(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)〈古舟子詠〉(“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”)名句。常被誤引為 not a drop to drink

yesterday 的位置#

報紙寫作中常出現怪句:The announcement was yesterday greeted with…

布萊森提醒:除非會造成歧義,把時間副詞放在「動詞之後」更自然:

  • The announcement was greeted yesterday with restrained enthusiasm.
  • Police were hunting last night for…
  • The two sides were to consider today…