that 與 which:限制與非限制子句#

這是英語寫作中最重要、卻最常被搞錯的文法區分之一。

兩種子句的差別#

  • 限制子句(restrictive / defining clause):對句意不可或缺,有定義作用
  • 非限制子句(nonrestrictive / nondefining clause):可視為插入語,刪掉句子仍成立

範例對照:

The tree, which had no leaves, was a birch.
(非限制:「沒葉子」只是補充;句意核心是「那棵樹是樺木」)

The tree that had no leaves was a birch.
(限制:「沒葉子」是定義特徵,用來區分這棵樹和其他樹)

標準用法#

子句類型連接詞標點
限制(defining)that不加逗號
非限制(nondefining)which前後加逗號

常見錯誤:

  • which 當限制子句而忘記要加逗號 → 句意被誤導
  • 非限制子句忘了加逗號(英式新聞中極多)

例:public authorities own 100,000 houses, which remain unoccupied for at least a year —— 句意被誤讀為「全部 10 萬戶都空置」;正確應為 100,000 houses that remain unoccupied…

than 的三大陷阱#

1. 比較句中的多餘 than#

  • 錯:twice as many people die under twenty in France than in Great Britain
  • 對:twice as many… as in Great Britain

2. hardly 後不用 than#

  • 錯:Hardly had I landed at Liverpool than the Mikado’s death recalled me to Japan.
  • 對:No sooner had I landed than…Hardly had I landed when…

3. 受格/主格的歧義#

  • She likes tennis more than me.(她愛網球勝過愛我?)
  • She likes tennis more than I.(她愛網球勝過我愛網球?)

為避免歧義,補完動詞最清楚:

  • She likes tennis more than she likes me.
  • She likes tennis more than I do.

詞義被誤解的字#

以下幾個字常被「想當然」用錯。

  • target:嚴格上只能 hitmiss;新聞中的 exceedundershootexpand 等用法在字面上自相矛盾(undershoot a target 的射手會懊惱,政客卻很高興)
  • tortuous / torturoustortuous 是「蜿蜒迂迴」(道路、計謀);torturous 才是「令人痛苦
  • translucent:是「半透光」(如毛玻璃),不是 transparent(透明);同時拼字是 -cent,不是 -scent
  • trivia:嚴格上是複數;單數用 trifletriviality,或改用形容詞 trivial
  • true facts:永遠是冗詞;事實本就為真
  • turgid / turbidturgid 是「膨脹浮誇」(文字虛矯);turbid 是「渾濁、難解
  • turpitude:是「卑鄙、墮落」,不是「正直、操守」;moral turpitude 不是讚美
  • temblor:地震;西班牙語進入美式英語,已脫去字首 r(仍可聯想 tremble
  • target 與其他陳腔濫調混用 → 變成笑話:£6m ceiling keeps rise in earnings well within Treasury target.

容易混淆的近義字#

字組區分要點
though / although通常可互換;但句尾只能用 though(“He looked tired, though.");as thougheven though 不可改 although
toward / towards美式偏前者,英式偏後者;untoward 兩岸皆同
trademark / trade name識別產品的標誌(Cadillac)/ 製造商名(General Motors)
triple / treble多數用法可互換;美式幾乎一律用 triple(音樂例外:treble clef)
tumult / turmoiltumult 限於「人」;turmoil 人事皆可(tumultuous 也能形容物)
ton / tonne英制「長噸」(2,240 lb / 1,016 kg)/美制「短噸」(2,000 lb / 907 kg)/ tonne 即公噸(2,204 lb / 1,000 kg)

高頻拼字陷阱#

以下都是布萊森點名的常見誤拼字。

  • Tallinn(愛沙尼亞首都)
  • Taoiseach:愛爾蘭總理
  • tarantella(拿坡里舞)vs. tarantula(蜘蛛):別搞混
  • taxiing:飛機滑行,注意三個 i
  • Technicolor:商標與公司名,需大寫
  • temblor:不是 tremblor
  • tic douloureux:三叉神經痛(trigeminal neuralgia)
  • Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There:Carroll 1871 全名,Looking-Glass 有連字號
  • Trooping the Colour:英國女王官方生日的閱兵儀式,不是 Trooping of the Colour
  • Tussaud’s, Madame(倫敦杜莎夫人蠟像館):撇號不可省略

冗詞與多餘修飾#

布萊森清單中可大幅瘦身的冗詞。

  • timefor a short length of timefor a short timein two weeks time 應為 in two weeks(並省去撇號爭議)
  • at this moment in time:直接寫 now
  • to all intents and purposes:留 to all intents 已足
  • to the tune ofsubsidized to the tune of $500 millionreceiving a subsidy of $500 million
  • totaltotal annihilationtotal 多餘;但 a total of 開頭以避免大數字寫成英文時可保留
  • try and:嚴格寫作仍偏好 try to
  • thinking to oneself / picture in my mind:能跟誰一起想?腦中還能去哪「畫」?冗
  • transatlantic:不加連字號;同類 transalpinetransarctictranspacific

句法陷阱#

that(連接詞)的取捨#

  • I think you are wrong. / I think that you are wrong.——多半是個人偏好
  • 動詞 assertcontendmaintain 之後較常需要 that
  • 動詞 saythink 之後可省

「together with / along with」的主謂一致#

together withalong with 中的 with 是介詞,不會把單數主詞變複數。

  • 錯:the man, together with another, were being questioned
  • 對:the man, together with another, was being questioned

注意位置造成的歧義:

  • Barbara Tuchman… gave $20,000 to the Democrats, along with her husband, Lester.(把丈夫也送給民主黨?)

tautology / redundancy / pleonasm / solecism#

布萊森解釋:

  • tautology / redundancy / pleonasm:意思相近,皆指「用詞超過必要
  • solecism:泛指「任何違反慣用或文法的錯誤」;前三者皆屬之

但並非所有重複都是錯的:

  • OPEC countriesSALT talksHIV virus 雖嚴格屬重複,但只有極端 finicky 的人才會挑剔
  • Wipe that smile off your faceoff your face 表面冗,但不可省

噸位與船舶(避免技術性誤解)#

提到船舶噸位時,應為讀者說明所指何種:

  • Deadweight tonnage:可載貨量
  • Displacement tonnage:船自身重量
  • Gross tonnage:依尺寸推算的理論容量