that 與 which:限制與非限制子句#
這是英語寫作中最重要、卻最常被搞錯的文法區分之一。
兩種子句的差別#
- 限制子句(restrictive / defining clause):對句意不可或缺,有定義作用
- 非限制子句(nonrestrictive / nondefining clause):可視為插入語,刪掉句子仍成立
範例對照:
The tree, which had no leaves, was a birch.
(非限制:「沒葉子」只是補充;句意核心是「那棵樹是樺木」)
The tree that had no leaves was a birch.
(限制:「沒葉子」是定義特徵,用來區分這棵樹和其他樹)標準用法#
| 子句類型 | 連接詞 | 標點 |
|---|---|---|
| 限制(defining) | that | 不加逗號 |
| 非限制(nondefining) | which | 前後加逗號 |
常見錯誤:
- 用 which 當限制子句而忘記要加逗號 → 句意被誤導
- 非限制子句忘了加逗號(英式新聞中極多)
例:public authorities own 100,000 houses, which remain unoccupied for at least a year —— 句意被誤讀為「全部 10 萬戶都空置」;正確應為 100,000 houses that remain unoccupied…。
than 的三大陷阱#
1. 比較句中的多餘 than#
- 錯:twice as many people die under twenty in France than in Great Britain
- 對:twice as many… as in Great Britain
2. hardly 後不用 than#
- 錯:Hardly had I landed at Liverpool than the Mikado’s death recalled me to Japan.
- 對:No sooner had I landed than… 或 Hardly had I landed when…
3. 受格/主格的歧義#
- She likes tennis more than me.(她愛網球勝過愛我?)
- She likes tennis more than I.(她愛網球勝過我愛網球?)
為避免歧義,補完動詞最清楚:
- She likes tennis more than she likes me.
- She likes tennis more than I do.
詞義被誤解的字#
以下幾個字常被「想當然」用錯。
- target:嚴格上只能 hit 或 miss;新聞中的 exceed、undershoot、expand 等用法在字面上自相矛盾(undershoot a target 的射手會懊惱,政客卻很高興)
- tortuous / torturous:tortuous 是「蜿蜒迂迴」(道路、計謀);torturous 才是「令人痛苦」
- translucent:是「半透光」(如毛玻璃),不是 transparent(透明);同時拼字是 -cent,不是 -scent
- trivia:嚴格上是複數;單數用 trifle 或 triviality,或改用形容詞 trivial
- true facts:永遠是冗詞;事實本就為真
- turgid / turbid:turgid 是「膨脹浮誇」(文字虛矯);turbid 是「渾濁、難解」
- turpitude:是「卑鄙、墮落」,不是「正直、操守」;moral turpitude 不是讚美
- temblor:地震;西班牙語進入美式英語,已脫去字首 r(仍可聯想 tremble)
- target 與其他陳腔濫調混用 → 變成笑話:£6m ceiling keeps rise in earnings well within Treasury target.
容易混淆的近義字#
| 字組 | 區分要點 |
|---|---|
| though / although | 通常可互換;但句尾只能用 though(“He looked tired, though.");as though、even though 不可改 although |
| toward / towards | 美式偏前者,英式偏後者;untoward 兩岸皆同 |
| trademark / trade name | 識別產品的標誌(Cadillac)/ 製造商名(General Motors) |
| triple / treble | 多數用法可互換;美式幾乎一律用 triple(音樂例外:treble clef) |
| tumult / turmoil | tumult 限於「人」;turmoil 人事皆可(tumultuous 也能形容物) |
| ton / tonne | 英制「長噸」(2,240 lb / 1,016 kg)/美制「短噸」(2,000 lb / 907 kg)/ tonne 即公噸(2,204 lb / 1,000 kg) |
高頻拼字陷阱#
以下都是布萊森點名的常見誤拼字。
- Tallinn(愛沙尼亞首都)
- Taoiseach:愛爾蘭總理
- tarantella(拿坡里舞)vs. tarantula(蜘蛛):別搞混
- taxiing:飛機滑行,注意三個 i
- Technicolor:商標與公司名,需大寫
- temblor:不是 tremblor
- tic douloureux:三叉神經痛(trigeminal neuralgia)
- Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There:Carroll 1871 全名,Looking-Glass 有連字號
- Trooping the Colour:英國女王官方生日的閱兵儀式,不是 Trooping of the Colour
- Tussaud’s, Madame(倫敦杜莎夫人蠟像館):撇號不可省略
冗詞與多餘修飾#
布萊森清單中可大幅瘦身的冗詞。
- time:for a short length of time → for a short time;in two weeks time 應為 in two weeks(並省去撇號爭議)
- at this moment in time:直接寫 now
- to all intents and purposes:留 to all intents 已足
- to the tune of:subsidized to the tune of $500 million → receiving a subsidy of $500 million
- total:total annihilation 中 total 多餘;但 a total of 開頭以避免大數字寫成英文時可保留
- try and:嚴格寫作仍偏好 try to
- thinking to oneself / picture in my mind:能跟誰一起想?腦中還能去哪「畫」?冗
- transatlantic:不加連字號;同類 transalpine、transarctic、transpacific
句法陷阱#
that(連接詞)的取捨#
- I think you are wrong. / I think that you are wrong.——多半是個人偏好
- 動詞 assert、contend、maintain 之後較常需要 that
- 動詞 say、think 之後可省
「together with / along with」的主謂一致#
together with、along with 中的 with 是介詞,不會把單數主詞變複數。
- 錯:the man, together with another, were being questioned
- 對:the man, together with another, was being questioned
注意位置造成的歧義:
- Barbara Tuchman… gave $20,000 to the Democrats, along with her husband, Lester.(把丈夫也送給民主黨?)
tautology / redundancy / pleonasm / solecism#
布萊森解釋:
- tautology / redundancy / pleonasm:意思相近,皆指「用詞超過必要」
- solecism:泛指「任何違反慣用或文法的錯誤」;前三者皆屬之
但並非所有重複都是錯的:
- OPEC countries、SALT talks、HIV virus 雖嚴格屬重複,但只有極端 finicky 的人才會挑剔
- Wipe that smile off your face 中 off your face 表面冗,但不可省
噸位與船舶(避免技術性誤解)#
提到船舶噸位時,應為讀者說明所指何種:
- Deadweight tonnage:可載貨量
- Displacement tonnage:船自身重量
- Gross tonnage:依尺寸推算的理論容量