修飾語位置:only#
only 應緊鄰它所修飾的字或片語,不要漂移。
- 不嚴謹:The A Class bus only ran on Sundays.(字面上其他日子在做什麼?飛?)
- 較佳:ran only on Sundays 或 on Sundays only
但布萊森也承認:
- 為了清楚和慣用,only 提前是常態:This will only take a minute.
- 把 only 強推到「正確」位置而失自然,反而矯枉過正
one of those… 的主謂一致陷阱#
動詞應該對應 those(複數),而不是 one。
- 錯(連 Fowler 都犯):Prestige is one of the words that has had an experience… → 應為 have had
- 倒裝即可看出:Of those words that have had an experience…, prestige is one.
關於 one in…:
- One in 14 people in the world is following…(單數)
- One in three householders who are entitled to rebates is not claiming.(前 are 跟 householders;後 is 跟 one)
關於 one or more:永遠是複數 → One or more sheets are…,不是 is
詞義被誤解的字#
以下幾個常被「直覺式」誤用。
- oblivious:歷史上專指「遺忘」(先記得後遺忘),但今日「不知不覺」之意已被普遍接受
- obviate:是「使其成為不必要」,不是「減少」或「使可接受」
- optimum:不是「最大、最快、最佳」;指「多重相互衝突的考量取得平衡點」(如飛機 optimum flying speed 是安全、舒適、油耗等變數最調和之點)
- optimistic / pessimistic:應描述「整體心境」,不是對小事的看法;He was optimistic that he would find the book 應為 was hopeful 或 was confident
- Olympic-sized swimming pool:奧運標準是 50 公尺長,幾乎沒有私人住宅有此尺寸;多半是誇大用語
- opt / choose:Safire 建議 opt 留給「衝動的選擇」,但無字典強迫此分
容易混淆的近義字#
| 字組 | 區分要點 |
|---|---|
| O / oh | O 限宗教與詩,永遠大寫且後不加標點(O Lord);oh 用於其他場合,前後常有逗號 |
| obsolete / obsolescent | 已淘汰 / 即將淘汰 |
| occur / take place | take place 偏排定的事;意外、突發用 occur |
| ophthalmologist / oculist / optometrist / optician | 眼科醫師(兩者皆是)/ 視力檢查師(非醫師)/ 鏡片製造或銷售者 |
| optimum(見上) | — |
| oral / verbal | oral 限「口頭」;verbal 涵蓋口頭與書面,多半是與「動作」或「實質」對比時才用 |
| Orkney | 蘇格蘭群島應稱 Orkney 或 the Orkney Islands,不是 the Orkneys;當地居民稱 Orcadian |
or 的主謂一致#
or 強調「分立」,不像 and 將元素相加;連接的全是單數時,動詞應單數。
- 錯:whether the President or Vice President were within hearing range → was
- 加 either 強化單數感:whether either the President or the Vice President was…
拼字陷阱#
以下幾個字是布萊森點名的常誤拼字。
- ophthalmologist:是 oph-,不是 opth-;首音節讀 “off” 不是 “op”。同類規則:diphtheria、diphthong、naphtha
- Old Peculier(英國啤酒):是 -er,不是 -ar
- Omar Khayyám:注意 -yy-
- openness:注意 -nn-
- overweening(自大):是 -ween-,不是 -wean-
- “Ozymandias”:雪萊(Percy Bysshe Shelley)1818 十四行詩,不是 Oxy-
- Oireachtas:愛爾蘭議會(包含總統與兩院 Dáil Éireann、Seanad),讀作「ur’-AKH-tus」
冗詞與多餘修飾#
以下都是布萊森看到就要刪掉的字。
- off of:永遠是冗詞;Get off the table,不是 off of the table
- originally:常多餘——originally drawn up as long ago as 1972 中 originally 是冗字
- overly:把 over 變 overly 等於把 soon 變 soonly;over 一字已足
- a verbal understanding that was never written down:兩字都不必,直接寫 understanding that was never written down
on / upon / on to / onto#
- on / upon:兩者沒有實質差別;多由慣用語決定(on no account、upon my soul)
- onto / on to:
- onto(一字)作複合介詞:He jumped onto the horse.
- on to(兩字)裡 on 是副詞:We moved on to the next subject.
- 二十世紀以前 onto 在英美都罕見;今日美式已成標準
over = more than 是迷信#
認為 over 不能用於 more than 的禁忌出自 1909 年的 Ambrose Bierce Write It Right,沒有真實的文法根據。
over three hundred people were present at the rally 完全合法。
引文糾誤#
「Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die.」是 Tennyson 〈輕騎兵衝鋒〉(“Charge of the Light Brigade”)原句。常被錯引為:
- Ours is not to reason why…(人稱錯誤)
- …do or die(連接詞錯誤;應為 and,意義截然不同)