neither:單複數與搭配#

neither…nor 的動詞應與最近的名詞保持一致。

  • 錯:Neither De Niro nor his agent were available… → 應為 was(agent 是單數)
  • 對:Neither the President nor his advisers were available…(advisers 是複數)

其他規則#

  • neither 單獨使用時,動詞永遠是單數Neither of the men was ready.
  • neither…or 永遠是錯的;應為 neither…nor
  • neither…nor 子句須文法平衡:serves the interests of neither the borrower nor the financial community

記住核心觀念:neither 強調「兩者各自分立」,不在文法上「相加」。

none:可單可複#

「none 必須是單數」是英語界最頑固的迷信之一。

從 Fowler、Bernstein、Howard、Gowers、Partridge、OED、American Heritage 到 Webster’s New World,所有主要權威都早已澄清此誤。

關鍵:句中要保持一致

  • 錯:None of her friends would describe themselves as a feminist.
  • 對:…would describe themselves as feminists.
  • 對:…would describe herself as a feminist.

主謂一致(number):英語最常見的文法錯誤#

主詞單數 → 動詞單數;主詞複數 → 動詞複數。Bernstein 嘲諷:能分辨「一」與「多」的人不該覺得這太難。

五種常見錯誤#

1. 涉及 and 的錯誤#

兩個名詞以 and 連接構成複合主詞,動詞應為複數

  • 錯:Impatience and anger… has been mountinghave
  • 錯:Why is correct speech and writing important?are

例外:少數慣用組合(fish and chips, ham and eggs, law and order)可視為單一概念。

2. 涉及 or 的錯誤#

or 將元素分立。動詞與最近的名詞一致:

  • 錯:A nod, wink, or even a discreet tug aren’t going…isn’t
  • 錯:No photographs or television footage have been transmitted…has(最近的 footage 為單數)

3. 中段插入語太長導致失焦#

  • 錯:Bank mortgages, which now account for most expensive property, is not included…are
  • 錯:Populist (and its generic class of politics, populism) have recently been adopted…has

4. 涉及人稱代名詞的錯誤#

英語缺中性單數第三人稱代名詞,If someone is learning a language for their job 在嚴格文法上不對。

布萊森的解法:改寫為複數主詞 People who are learning a language for their job…

或可寫 his or her(雖然累贅),或在歷史寫作中用 his(雖被視為性別偏頗)。

5. 涉及 number 一詞#

簡明口訣:

  • The number was…(單數)
  • A number were…(複數)

total 同理。

詞義被誤解的字#

以下幾個字是常被誤用的「典型陷阱」。

  • nauseous:嚴格上是「令人作嘔的」(形容詞),人感到噁心應用 nauseated
    • Bernstein 妙喻:People who are nauseated are no more nauseous than people who are poisoned are poisonous.
  • nemesis:源自希臘復仇女神 Nemesis;指「復仇者」或「不可戰勝的對手」,不是單純的「對手、宿敵」
  • noisome:與 noise 無關,與 annoy 同源;意指「令人不快、惡臭的
  • moribund(屬 M 章)類似誤用:moribund 是瀕死,不是停滯
  • non sequitur:拉丁語「不接續」,指句子前後驟然脫節:He was born in Liverpool and his shoes were brown.
  • normalcy:常被英國人嘲為粗陋的美式造字(傳出自 Warren G. Harding),其實此字在英國早已存在數百年;多數字典接受為標準,但仍有人偏好 normality
  • near disaster:「險些成災」叫 a near disaster;「被救離災難」是 saved from a disaster,並非 saved from a near disaster
  • new:幾乎無意義的冗詞——new chairman namedset new recordsnew breakthroughs 都隱含「新」意;New York Times 曾有經典標題 New boom for Florida creates new concerns 顯示其空洞

容易混淆的近義字#

字組區分要點
naught / nought「無」(his efforts came to naught)/ 數字零(noughts and crosses 即美國的 ticktacktoe)
naval / navel海軍的 / 肚臍的;橙是 navel orange

高頻拼字陷阱#

以下都是布萊森點名的常見誤拼字。

  • Neandertal:現多用此寫法;學名仍寫 Homo neanderthalensis
  • neat’s-foot oil(皮革保養油):注意撇號與連字號
  • nerve-racking:是 racking,不是 wracking
  • niceish(還算不錯的):標準拼法
  • nincompoop:不是 nim-
  • Notes from Underground:杜斯妥也夫斯基(Dostoevsky)小說,不是 the Underground
  • Nullarbor Plain(西澳):注意 -ar-,不是 Nullabor
  • numskull:偏好寫法,不是 numbskull
  • Nuremberg(德文 Nürnberg):是 -berg,不是 -burg
  • National Institutes of Health:是 Institutes,複數

句法陷阱#

not all vs. all… not#

布萊森與多數權威意見相反:他堅持「all is not well」表面上意指「everything is not well」(一切皆不順),與作者實際想表達的「not all is well」(並非一切都順利)相反。

  • 不嚴謹:all was not well in the Goldsmith empire
  • 較精確:not all was well in the Goldsmith empire

慣用語有歷史背書(All is not lostAll that glisters is not gold),但布萊森認為謹慎寫作仍應避免此句構。

not so much… but / as#

正確搭配是 not so much… as,不是 not so much… but

  • 錯:not so much a comic actor… but a real comedian
  • 對:not so much a comic actor… as a real comedian

not 倒裝句中的假插入#

倒裝以強調 not 時,標點若處理不當會產生假的插入語:

  • 錯:Could not that lingua franca be, not Esperanto, Volupük, or even English, but humor?
  • 修正:刪掉 not Esperanto 前那個逗號

數字與冠詞#

整百、整千的數字寫作 a hundreda thousand——不可同時加 a 又寫 1001,000

  • 錯:for more than a 1,000 years
  • 對:for more than 1,000 yearsfor more than a thousand years
  • 錯:with over a 100 convictions
  • 對:with over 100 convictionswith over a hundred convictions

其他冗詞#

  • needless to say:本身無害;但常引出「真的就不必說」的內容
  • nemesis 過度使用 → 換 rival