neither:單複數與搭配#
neither…nor 的動詞應與最近的名詞保持一致。
- 錯:Neither De Niro nor his agent were available… → 應為 was(agent 是單數)
- 對:Neither the President nor his advisers were available…(advisers 是複數)
其他規則#
- neither 單獨使用時,動詞永遠是單數:Neither of the men was ready.
- neither…or 永遠是錯的;應為 neither…nor
- neither…nor 子句須文法平衡:serves the interests of neither the borrower nor the financial community
記住核心觀念:neither 強調「兩者各自分立」,不在文法上「相加」。
none:可單可複#
「none 必須是單數」是英語界最頑固的迷信之一。
從 Fowler、Bernstein、Howard、Gowers、Partridge、OED、American Heritage 到 Webster’s New World,所有主要權威都早已澄清此誤。
關鍵:句中要保持一致。
- 錯:None of her friends would describe themselves as a feminist.
- 對:…would describe themselves as feminists.
- 對:…would describe herself as a feminist.
主謂一致(number):英語最常見的文法錯誤#
主詞單數 → 動詞單數;主詞複數 → 動詞複數。Bernstein 嘲諷:能分辨「一」與「多」的人不該覺得這太難。
五種常見錯誤#
1. 涉及 and 的錯誤#
兩個名詞以 and 連接構成複合主詞,動詞應為複數。
- 錯:Impatience and anger… has been mounting → have
- 錯:Why is correct speech and writing important? → are
例外:少數慣用組合(fish and chips, ham and eggs, law and order)可視為單一概念。
2. 涉及 or 的錯誤#
or 將元素分立。動詞與最近的名詞一致:
- 錯:A nod, wink, or even a discreet tug aren’t going… → isn’t
- 錯:No photographs or television footage have been transmitted… → has(最近的 footage 為單數)
3. 中段插入語太長導致失焦#
- 錯:Bank mortgages, which now account for most expensive property, is not included… → are
- 錯:Populist (and its generic class of politics, populism) have recently been adopted… → has
4. 涉及人稱代名詞的錯誤#
英語缺中性單數第三人稱代名詞,If someone is learning a language for their job 在嚴格文法上不對。
布萊森的解法:改寫為複數主詞 People who are learning a language for their job…。
或可寫 his or her(雖然累贅),或在歷史寫作中用 his(雖被視為性別偏頗)。
5. 涉及 number 一詞#
簡明口訣:
- The number was…(單數)
- A number were…(複數)
total 同理。
詞義被誤解的字#
以下幾個字是常被誤用的「典型陷阱」。
- nauseous:嚴格上是「令人作嘔的」(形容詞),人感到噁心應用 nauseated
- Bernstein 妙喻:People who are nauseated are no more nauseous than people who are poisoned are poisonous.
- nemesis:源自希臘復仇女神 Nemesis;指「復仇者」或「不可戰勝的對手」,不是單純的「對手、宿敵」
- noisome:與 noise 無關,與 annoy 同源;意指「令人不快、惡臭的」
- moribund(屬 M 章)類似誤用:moribund 是瀕死,不是停滯
- non sequitur:拉丁語「不接續」,指句子前後驟然脫節:He was born in Liverpool and his shoes were brown.
- normalcy:常被英國人嘲為粗陋的美式造字(傳出自 Warren G. Harding),其實此字在英國早已存在數百年;多數字典接受為標準,但仍有人偏好 normality
- near disaster:「險些成災」叫 a near disaster;「被救離災難」是 saved from a disaster,並非 saved from a near disaster
- new:幾乎無意義的冗詞——new chairman named、set new records、new breakthroughs 都隱含「新」意;New York Times 曾有經典標題 New boom for Florida creates new concerns 顯示其空洞
容易混淆的近義字#
| 字組 | 區分要點 |
|---|---|
| naught / nought | 「無」(his efforts came to naught)/ 數字零(noughts and crosses 即美國的 ticktacktoe) |
| naval / navel | 海軍的 / 肚臍的;橙是 navel orange |
高頻拼字陷阱#
以下都是布萊森點名的常見誤拼字。
- Neandertal:現多用此寫法;學名仍寫 Homo neanderthalensis
- neat’s-foot oil(皮革保養油):注意撇號與連字號
- nerve-racking:是 racking,不是 wracking
- niceish(還算不錯的):標準拼法
- nincompoop:不是 nim-
- Notes from Underground:杜斯妥也夫斯基(Dostoevsky)小說,不是 the Underground
- Nullarbor Plain(西澳):注意 -ar-,不是 Nullabor
- numskull:偏好寫法,不是 numbskull
- Nuremberg(德文 Nürnberg):是 -berg,不是 -burg
- National Institutes of Health:是 Institutes,複數
句法陷阱#
not all vs. all… not#
布萊森與多數權威意見相反:他堅持「all is not well」表面上意指「everything is not well」(一切皆不順),與作者實際想表達的「not all is well」(並非一切都順利)相反。
- 不嚴謹:all was not well in the Goldsmith empire
- 較精確:not all was well in the Goldsmith empire
慣用語有歷史背書(All is not lost、All that glisters is not gold),但布萊森認為謹慎寫作仍應避免此句構。
not so much… but / as#
正確搭配是 not so much… as,不是 not so much… but:
- 錯:not so much a comic actor… but a real comedian
- 對:not so much a comic actor… as a real comedian
not 倒裝句中的假插入#
倒裝以強調 not 時,標點若處理不當會產生假的插入語:
- 錯:Could not that lingua franca be, not Esperanto, Volupük, or even English, but humor?
- 修正:刪掉 not Esperanto 前那個逗號
數字與冠詞#
整百、整千的數字寫作 a hundred、a thousand——不可同時加 a 又寫 100 或 1,000。
- 錯:for more than a 1,000 years
- 對:for more than 1,000 years 或 for more than a thousand years
- 錯:with over a 100 convictions
- 對:with over 100 convictions 或 with over a hundred convictions
其他冗詞#
- needless to say:本身無害;但常引出「真的就不必說」的內容
- nemesis 過度使用 → 換 rival